The history of Newnham began with the formation of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge in 1869. The progress of women at Cambridge University owes much to the pioneering work undertaken by the philosopher
Henry Sidgwick, fellow of
Trinity. Lectures for Ladies had been started in Cambridge in 1869, and such was the demand from those who could not travel in and out on a daily basis that in 1871 Sidgwick, one of the organisers of the lectures, rented a house at 74,
Regent Street (Cambridge) to house five female students who wished to attend lectures but did not live near enough to the university to do so. He persuaded
Anne Clough, who had previously run a school in the
Lake District, to
take charge of this house. The following year (1872), Clough moved to Merton House (built c. 1800) on
Queen's Road, then to premises in Bateman Street. Clough eventually became president of the college. Demand continued to increase and the supporters of the enterprise formed a
limited company to raise funds, lease land, and build on it. In 1875, the first building for Newnham College was built on the site off
Sidgwick Avenue, where the college remains. In 1876, Henry Sidgwick married
Eleanor Mildred Balfour, who was already a supporter of women's education. They lived at Newnham for two periods during the 1880s and 1890s. The demand from prospective students remained buoyant and the Newnham Hall Company built steadily, providing three more halls, a laboratory and a library, in the years up to the
First World War. The architect
Basil Champneys was employed throughout this period and designed the buildings in the
Queen Anne style to much acclaim. Many young women in mid-19th-century England had no access to the kind of formal secondary schooling which would have enabled them to go straight into the same university courses as the young men – the first principal herself had never been a pupil in a school. Thus, Newnham's founders allowed the young women to work at and to a level which suited their attainments and abilities. Some of them, with an extra year's preparation, did indeed go on to degree-level work. And as girls' secondary schools
were founded in the last quarter of the 19th century, often staffed by those who had been to the women's colleges of Cambridge, Oxford and London, the situation began to change. In 1890 the Newnham student
Philippa Fawcett was ranked above the
Senior Wrangler, i.e. top in the
Mathematical Tripos. By the First World War, the vast majority of Newnham students entered straight into degree-level courses. A new Pfeiffer Building was built in 1893, largely funded by a £5,000 bequest from the poet
Emily Jane Pfeiffer. In tailoring the curriculum to the students, Newnham found itself at odds with the other Cambridge college for women,
Girton, founded two years earlier.
Emily Davies, Girton's founder, believed passionately that equality could only be expressed by women doing the same courses as the men, on the same time-table. This meant that Girton attracted a much smaller intake in its early years. But the Newnham Council held its ground, reinforced by the commitment of many of its members to educational reform generally and a wish to change some of the courses Cambridge was offering to its men. In 1948 Newnham, like Girton, attained the full status of a college of the university. ==Women in the university==