in
Lorain, Ohio, 1906
Background In the 25 years after the
American Civil War, railway track mileage in the United States more than doubled, changing the face of America. Rail transportation meant that products made in the East could be shipped West for far less than previously. This allowed for economies of scale and larger, more efficient factories. The agricultural heartland of America was no longer confined to a market of a single day's wagon ride. Railroad and railroad construction became one of the largest industries. By 1881, one out of 32 people in the United States was either employed by a railroad or engaged in railroad construction. Starting about 1877, two great railroad developers,
William H. Vanderbilt and
Jay Gould, began competing for the railroad traffic along the south shore of the
Great Lakes. By 1878, Vanderbilt had a monopoly on rail traffic between
Buffalo, New York;
Cleveland, Ohio;
Detroit, Michigan; and
Chicago, because he owned the only railroad linking those cities - the
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. In addition, he was the richest man in America at that time. By 1881, Gould controlled about 15% of all U.S. railroad mileage, most of it west of the
Mississippi River and he was considered the most ruthless financial operator in America. His major railroad east of the Mississippi River was the
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway (Wabash). The Wabash mainline ran from
St. Louis, Missouri, to
Toledo, Ohio, where it was forced to deliver its railroad traffic to William H. Vanderbilt's Lake Shore Railroad for delivery to the eastern United States. Gould and Vanderbilt together oversaw all east–west rail traffic in the mid-west. The
Seney Syndicate, owners of a railroad, the
Lake Erie and Western Railroad, were interested in tapping new sources of revenue. The stage was set for the creation of the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad.
Early years The Seney Syndicate, headed by banker
George I. Seney, met at Seney's
New York City bank and organized the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railway Company on February 3, 1881. The original proposal for the NYC&StL was a railroad west from Cleveland, Ohio, to Chicago, Illinois, with a branch to
St. Louis, Missouri. On April 13, 1881, the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railway Company bought the
Buffalo, Cleveland and Chicago Railway, a railroad that had been surveyed from the west side of Cleveland, Ohio, to Buffalo, New York, running parallel to
William Vanderbilt's Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. The idea of an east–west railroad across northern
Ohio was very popular with the people of Ohio. They wanted to break the high freight rates charged by
Jay Gould and William Vanderbilt. No one was less popular in Ohio than Vanderbilt since the December 29, 1876, collapse of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway's
Ashtabula River trestle, where 64 people had been injured and 92 were killed or died later from injuries. Another reason for the popularity of the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railway was the positive economic impact on any cities that a new railroad went through. During a newspaper war to attract the NYC&St.L, the
Norwalk, Ohio,
Chronicle Newspaper referred to it as a "... double-track, nickel-plated railroad." The railroad adopted the nickname and it became better known as the Nickel Plate Road. It was decided that building would start along the surveyed route between Cleveland and Buffalo rather than build the branch to St. Louis. Five hundred days later, the Nickel Plate's single-track mainline from Buffalo to Chicago was complete. The railroad was estimated to require 90,000 long tons (80,000 metric tons) of steel rails, each weighing 60 pounds per linear yard (30 kg/m) and 1.5 million oak crossties. Additionally, the railroad required 49 major bridges. It was characterized by long sections of straight track, mild grades, and impressive bridges. The Nickel Plate ran its first trains over the entire system on October 16, 1882. During construction, Vanderbilt and Gould had watched with great interest. If either of them could acquire the Nickel Plate, they could end the threat to their railroads. If the Nickel Plate remained independent it would be able to create a substantial dent in both entrepreneurs' railroad earnings. Vanderbilt tried to lower the value of the Nickel Plate by organizing a campaign to smear its reputation before a train ever ran on its tracks. If Vanderbilt was successful, he could scare the Seney Syndicate into selling to him or drive the railroad company into bankruptcy. However, Vanderbilt's plan came with two important risks. If he slandered the line, he risked chasing the Seney Syndicate into an alliance with Gould. The other risk was that his plan to smear the Nickel Plate's reputation might fail and it could quickly grow. Vanderbilt claimed the road was being built with substandard materials and it would use unsafe practices once completed. He succeeded in creating long-standing rumors about the line but failed to devalue the company or scare the investors. The cost of construction was higher than expected and the Seney Syndicate began to negotiate with Gould to purchase the railroad, but unlike Vanderbilt, Gould lacked the capital. Frustrated at the failing talks, Gould broke off negotiations and gave up on his attempt to break Vanderbilt.
The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern era In early 1881, Vanderbilt could have had the Nickel Plate for one million dollars, equal to $ today. He realized if he allowed Gould to gain control of the Nickel Plate, his monopoly on rail traffic from
Toledo, Ohio, to the east would be broken. He decided he would do anything to keep the Nickel Plate out of Gould's hands. On October 25, 1882, (a few days after the first trains ran) the Seney Syndicate sold the Nickel Plate to Vanderbilt for $7.2 million, equal to $ today. Vanderbilt transferred it to his Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. However, Vanderbilt had a problem: he could not run the business into the ground or it would fall into receivership and someone else would buy it. He could not close the Nickel Plate either because it cost a fortune to buy. So, the Nickel Plate Road did business, but just enough to keep it solvent. By the advent of the 1920s, the Nickel Plate was an obscure line that earned its keep through the transfer of freight from other rail connections. During the same period Vanderbilt's Lake Shore and Michigan Southern prospered and expanded. Vanderbilt kept most of the rail traffic on his Lake Shore and Michigan Southern. Fewer trains on the Nickel Plate meant that they could move faster, so that is the railroad traffic they went after. By 1888 the Nickel Plate had been dubbed "The Meat Express Line." Observers at
Fort Wayne, Indiana, reported six long meat trains every night and a couple of fruit trains during the day. Vanderbilt consolidated many of his railroads into the
New York Central Railroad. Over time, the Nickel Plate was reduced as a serious threat to the New York Central and other competing lines. Unlike many railroads that established a primary repair shop site, the Nickel Plate maintained several "back shops" that were more or less equal in size. By the late 1800s, facilities that could handle major locomotive and car rebuilding were located at Stony Island Yard (outside of Chicago);
Frankfort, Indiana; and
Conneaut and
Bellevue, Ohio. By the 1920s the shops had been consolidated primarily to
Fort Wayne, Indiana; Conneaut, Ohio; Bellevue, Ohio; and Stony Island.
The Van Sweringen era The
Van Sweringen brothers of Cleveland, Ohio, were the next owners of the Nickel Plate.
Oris Paxton Van Sweringen and his younger brother
Mantis James Van Sweringen were real estate developers who had constructed a rapid transit line from their development at
Shaker Heights, Ohio, to downtown Cleveland. As early as 1909, the brothers proposed a stub-end terminal on
Public Square in downtown Cleveland. The Cleveland interurbans and traction companies were in favor of the new terminal and right-of-ways leading to it. The Nickel Plate was the key. It traversed Cleveland from east to west, had a high level crossing of the
Cuyahoga River Valley, and was adjacent to the proposed terminal. The Nickel Plate also provided a natural route to the proposed terminal for the Van Sweringen's rapid transit and the other traction lines. Between 1890 and 1913, Cleveland had a fourfold increase in population. Civic and political leaders wanted to clean up the city and started many projects. One was a desire to consolidate all of Cleveland's railroad stations. The
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway,
Pennsylvania Railroad, and
the Big Four Railroad shared a crowded lakefront Union Station. The
Erie Railroad,
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Nickel Plate Road, and the
Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad all occupied separate stations on the north bluff of the Cuyahoga River, just south of downtown. The city also encouraged the railroads to build grade separation throughout the city. The Nickel Plate started a grade separation project on the East Side of Cleveland in 1909 and finished in 1913. Cleveland approved a bond issue in 1910 to "depress" the Nickel Plate through the most congested part of the West Side. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway was controlled by the New York Central Railroad's
Alfred Holland Smith, a close friend of the Van Sweringens. He had guided the Van Sweringens and even financed their rapid transit to Shaker Heights. In late 1915, the
Attorney General of the United States advised the New York Central that its control of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and the Nickel Plate was in violation of the Federal
antitrust laws. On February 1, 1916, Alfred Smith called his friends, the Van Sweringens, and offered them the Nickel Plate. They bought it for $8.5 million on April 13, 1916, equal to $ today. In return for operating concessions and access to certain stations, they put up only a little over $500,000 (equal to $ today) but they controlled 75% of Nickel Plate's voting stock. The Van Sweringens had no intention of running the Nickel Plate. Alfred Smith was happy to give the Van Sweringens a vice-president of the New York Central,
John J. Bernet, and some of his top men. Smith wanted to show that the Van Sweringens were not New York Central puppets, and the Nickel Plate needed to earn money to retire the $6.5 million in notes owed to the New York Central.
NKP president John Bernet era During Bernet's reign, the Nickel Plate grew substantially. In 1922, the Nickel Plate purchased the
Lake Erie and Western Railroad, giving it access to
Sandusky, Ohio, and
Peoria, Illinois. Later that year, on December 28, the Nickel Plate purchased the
Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad, also known as the "Clover Leaf Route", finally giving the Nickel Plate access to
the St. Louis area, as well as to the port in
Toledo, Ohio. Bernet also doubled the railroad's total freight tonnage and average speeds system wide, while cutting fuel consumption in half. He left the Nickel Plate in late 1926. Bernet returned to the Nickel Plate in 1933. In 1934, he ordered fifteen
2-8-4 "Berkshire" locomotives, which would become legendary with the Nickel Plate. Bernet remained as the president of the company until his death in 1935. On December 29, 1937, the
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway gained control of the Nickel Plate. One major factor was Frank Allen Brown, who was the assistant superintendent at this time. Brown held this position from 1937 to 1944.
World War II and post-war era During
World War II, the Nickel Plate, like all other American railroads, found itself helping with the war effort. The Nickel Plate ordered an additional 55 Berkshires during the war. After the war, in 1947, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway ended its control of the Nickel Plate when it sold off its remaining shares. That year, the Nickel Plate also ordered 11
ALCO PA diesel-electric locomotives, named the "Bluebirds". These were the first locomotives for the Nickel Plate that were not painted black since the early 1900s. In 1949, the Nickel Plate received its last Berkshire,
#779, also the last steam locomotive built by the
Lima Locomotive Works. Later that year, on December 1, the Nickel Plate leased the
Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway. In 1960, the last steam locomotive was retired from service, officially "dieselizing" the Nickel Plate.
Passenger service The Nickel Plate had a few long-distance night trains, whose names varied according to whether the train was west-bound or eastbound. The trains linked at
Lackawanna Station in Buffalo to continue to
Hoboken, New Jersey. • No. 5
City of Chicago (westbound) / No. 6
City of Cleveland (eastbound) (Chicago-Cleveland-Buffalo) • No. 7
Westerner (westbound) / No. 8
New Yorker (eastbound) (Chicago-Cleveland-Buffalo) • No. 9
Blue Arrow (westbound) / No. 10
Blue Dart (eastbound) (St. Louis-Muncie-Cleveland)
Merger with N&W, Norfolk Southern The financial situation of American railroading continued to decline after World War II as the highway system improved and the US Interstate system was built. The Nickel Plate Road, together with the
Wabash and several smaller carriers, merged with the profitable
Norfolk and Western (N&W) on October 16, 1964. N&W had merged with long-time rival
Virginian Railway in the Pocahontas coal region in 1959, and grew through the mergers with other rail carriers including the Nickel Plate and Wabash railroads with operations in adjacent areas of the eastern United States to form a more competitive and successful system serving 14 states and a province of
Canada on more than of road. The profitable
N&W was combined with the also profitable
Southern Railway to form the
Norfolk Southern (NS) in 1982. ==Chicago terminals==