Origins and formation When the
Korean War broke out on 25 June 1950,
No. 77 (Fighter) Squadron of the
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) was based at
Iwakuni, Japan. For the previous four years, equipped mainly with
North American P-51 Mustangs, it had served with the British Commonwealth Air Group, the air component of the
British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF), initially as part of
No. 81 Wing RAAF. No. 81 Wing was disbanded in November 1948, leaving No. 77 Squadron as Australia's sole air unit in Japan. It was now the largest squadron in the RAAF, comprising 299 officers and men, forty Mustangs, three
CAC Wirraways, two
Douglas C-47 Dakotas and two
Austers. The squadron was preparing to return to Australia when it was placed on standby for action over Korea; it began flying missions as part of the
United Nations (UN) peacekeeping force a week later. No. 77 Squadron's commanding officer,
Wing Commander Lou Spence, was killed in action on 9 September 1950, and Air Commodore
Alan Charlesworth, Chief of Staff at BCOF, temporarily took charge at Iwakuni, pending the formation of an overarching organisation for support and administration at the base.
Squadron Leader Dick Cresswell arrived on 17 September to assume command of No. 77 Squadron. Following the
landing at Inchon and the northward advance of UN troops, No. 77 Squadron relocated to
Pohang, South Korea, on 12 October 1950. It left its main support elements at Iwakuni. No. 91 (Composite) Wing was established at the base on 20 October. The term "composite" referred to an RAAF formation made up of disparate operational elements, rather than one comprising a single type such as bombers or fighters. Commanded by
Group Captain A.D. (Dallas) Charlton, No. 91 Wing was given administrative responsibility for all RAAF units operating during the Korean War. As well as No. 77 Squadron, this included the newly formed
No. 391 (Base) Squadron and
No. 491 (Maintenance) Squadron, and No. 30 Communications Flight, formerly the No. 77 Squadron Communications Flight and initially comprising its two Dakotas and two Austers. Apart from No. 77 Squadron, the wing's units were all headquartered at Iwakuni.
Operations No. 77 Squadron's tasking was controlled by the United States
Fifth Air Force from the time it commenced operations in Korea, and this arrangement was not affected by the formation of No. 91 Wing. It moved forward from Pohang to
Yonpo, near
Hamhung, in November 1950, continuing its support of UN forces as they advanced up the peninsula. North Korea's counter-attack, augmented by Chinese forces, led to the squadron being hurriedly withdrawn to
Pusan on 3 December. Poor radio communications with No. 91 Wing dogged the evacuation from Yonpo, which was effected through US Air Force support supplementing the efforts of RAAF Dakotas. Cresswell believed that the Iwakuni-based wing headquarters was not always in tune with frontline requirements, and he often dealt directly with Lieutenant General
Sir Horace Robertson, BCOF commander and the theatre's senior Australian officer, and the RAAF's
Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal
Frederick Scherger. In response to the threat of communist
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighters, No. 77 Squadron was withdrawn to Iwakuni in April 1951, to re-equip with
Gloster Meteors. Four
Royal Air Force officers with Meteor experience were seconded to No. 91 Wing to assist with training. The squadron returned to action with its new aircraft on 29 July, operating out of
Kimpo, South Korea. The Mustangs had been highly effective in
close support, but No. 77 Squadron's main role in the RAAF was interception, and it was expected that with the Meteor it could again focus on fighter duties. According to the
official history of Australia in the Korean War, the unit proved its value diplomatically as well as operationally: having been one of the first UN squadrons to go into action, it comprised one-third of the jet fighter force in the latter part of 1951, when clashes in "
MiG Alley" were at their height. However, dogfights between Meteors and MiGs that August convinced the new commanding officer, Wing Commander
Gordon Steege, that the Australian jets were outmatched, and Fifth Air Force agreed to take them out of an offensive air-to-air combat role in favour of escort duties and local air defence. , South Korea, August 1953. Beginning in December 1951 under Steege's replacement, Wing Commander Ron Susans, No. 77 Squadron again took up an offensive role, namely ground attack, which constituted its primary tasking for the rest of the war. No. 77 Squadron remained in Korea on garrison duty—initially at Kimpo, later at
Kunsan—following the
armistice in July 1953. It had lost forty-one pilots killed during the war. A further seven pilots became prisoners of war. Aircraft losses totalled almost sixty, including over forty Meteors, mostly to ground fire. The squadron flew 18,872 sorties, including 3,872 in Mustangs and 15,000 in Meteors. It was credited with shooting down five MiG-15s and destroying 3,700 buildings, 1,408 vehicles, ninety-eight locomotives and carriages, and sixteen bridges. No. 30 Communications Flight included Robertson's personal Dakota, operating under his direction. On 1 November 1950, No. 30 Communications Flight was renamed
No. 30 Communications Unit. The same month, it received another four Dakotas from
No. 38 Squadron, of
No. 90 (Composite) Wing in
Malaya, giving it a strength of eight Dakotas and two Austers. The unit supported all Australian forces in Korea. During the war it transported around 100,000 passengers and over 6,000 tons of cargo. The transportation unit lost an Auster and a Wirraway to crashes, resulting in four deaths.
Support When the Korean War broke out, No. 77 Squadron was self-supporting. The added burden of combat operations made this situation untenable after the squadron went into action in Korea, leading to the formation of No. 391 (Base) Squadron at Iwakuni, at the same time as No. 91 Wing headquarters. RAAF base squadrons were responsible for administrative, logistical, medical, communications and security functions. Staffed mainly by former No. 77 Squadron members, in the first year of its existence No. 391 Squadron had to contend with severe shortages of winter clothing and equipment. Along with its RAAF responsibilities, No. 391 Squadron supported
Australian Army and other UN personnel travelling through Iwakuni. It ran No. 91 Wing's "Transit Hotel", which accommodated business people and entertainers, as well as military personnel. The squadron's medical contingent was heavily engaged in the preparation and escort of injured personnel from Korea to Iwakuni and then to other destinations. No. 491 Squadron was also formed in tandem with No. 91 Wing on 20 October 1950. Headquartered at Iwakuni, it was responsible for all maintenance of the wing's aircraft except day-to-day servicing. A section was attached to No. 77 Squadron in South Korea to assist ground staff with daily maintenance. Personnel from Iwakuni were regularly rotated through this section, and augmented by additional No. 491 Squadron staff as needed for repair or salvage work. The standard RAAF working days for technicians at Iwakuni contrasted with shifts of up to sixteen hours near the front line in Korea. Korea was one of the coldest climates in which RAAF ground crews had ever worked; Squadron Leader Cresswell recalled seeing maintenance staff with tools frozen to their hands. Both Nos. 391 and 491 Squadrons used Japanese technicians as well as Australian, which was unusual for the time; during the
occupation of Japan following its surrender in World War II, the RAAF had only employed Japanese workers for menial tasks. Its eleven-year absence from Australia, beginning in the Pacific during World War II and continuing in Japan as part of BCOF, was a record for an RAAF unit. No. 491 Squadron disbanded at Iwakuni on 13 December 1954. No. 391 Squadron and No. 91 Wing headquarters were disbanded at Iwakuni on 30 April 1955. ==Commanding officers==