Split from UAW The CAW began as the Canadian Region of the
United Auto Workers (UAW). The UAW was founded in August 1935, and the Canadian Region of the UAW was established in 1937 following the 1937 GM Oshawa strike at
General Motors's Oshawa,
Ontario plant. The Canadian Region of the UAW unionized the
Ford Motor Company in 1945 after
a major strike which established the
right of Canadian labour union members to
union dues checkoff.
George Burt was the Canadian Director of the United Auto Workers (UAW) from 1939 to 1968. He is the longest-serving leader of the Canadian Union at 29 years. He pioneered many contractual issues that affected Canadian auto workers in the early years of the union movement. The reasons for the CAW split from the UAW are complicated. Holmes and Rusonik (1990) contend that although the Canadian labour movement has been seen as traditionally more militant than its American counterpart, it was in fact the uneven geographical development of both management and labour led the Canadian auto-workers to develop a distinctly different set of collective bargaining objectives, which placed them in a far stronger bargaining position as compared to the UAW in the US, and, ultimately, brought about the events that led directly to the Split. Two of the main forces demanding the restructuring of management and Labour during this time were the rise of Japan as a major automotive force, and the general recession of the world economy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Aided by the
Auto Pact and the weakening Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar, a geographic difference developed which provided some relief to many Canadian auto-workers. By December 1984, significant differences in the value of negotiated contracts, and divergent union objectives had set the stage for the creation of the CAW, a process documented in the
Genie Award winning film,
Final Offer. In 1984, the Canadian section of the UAW, under the leadership of
Bob White and his assistants Buzz Hargrove and Bob Nickerson, broke from the UAW, led by
Owen Bieber, because the American union was seen as giving away too much in the way of concessions during
collective bargaining. Additionally, the UAW had been lobbying the US Congress to force the transfer of auto production from Canada to the US and the Canadian branch felt there was a lack of a representative voice during UAW's conventions. By 1985 the split from the American union was complete and Bob White was acclaimed as the first President of the CAW. He served three terms as president..
Politics After separation, the CAW began to grow quickly in size and stature. It merged with a number of smaller unions to double in size and become the largest
private sector union in the country. Most notable were the mergers with the
Fishermen, Food, and Allied Workers, the Independent Canadian Transit Union, and the Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Transport and General Workers (see
CAW National Council 4000. The CAW also voiced strong opposition to the then-federal government of
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and such policies as the
Goods and Services Tax and
free trade. In the case
Fullowka et al. v. Royal Oak Ventures Inc, held in the aftermath of an 18-month strike at Royal Oak Mines in Yellowknife, the CAW was originally held responsible for 22% of damages at trial, before CAW was successful on appeal. The trial judge found that the union breached its duty of care by doing nothing to stop illegal acts during the strike, paying fines and legal fees for striking miners, providing a person to assist the miners' union who prolonged the strike, and failing to bargain in good faith. At trial, the court ruled that the cumulative effect of these breaches of the duty of care were found to have materially contributed to
Roger Warren's bombing of the mine, which killed nine strikebreaking workers. Warren, a union member who had been fired from Royal Oak, testified that he was only capable of the bombing because strike-breakers had been "dehumanized" by the union and was sentenced to life in prison. However, these findings of liability were overturned on appeal by the Northwest Territories Court of Appeal and a decision by the
Supreme Court of Canada was dismissed. Furthermore, CAW members Al Shearing and Tim Bettger were sentenced to two and a half and three years in prison, respectively. Both were convicted of painting anti-
scab graffiti and setting an explosion in a ventilation shaft on June 29, 1992. Bettger was sentenced to an additional six months in prison for blowing a hole in a television satellite dish September 1 of that year. (The unioned miners were part of the Canadian Association of Smelter and Allied Workers union (CASAW) Local 4 at the time of the strike, and merged into the CAW in May 1994.) In 1998, the CAW was deeply involved in discussions with
Volvo Canada Ltd. and the
Government of Nova Scotia over the closure of the
Volvo Halifax Assembly plant. In 2000, the CAW was expelled from the
Canadian Labour Congress when several union locals left the
SEIU and joined the CAW, prompting accusations of
union raiding. A settlement was reached a year later that allowed the CAW to rejoin the national labour federation but relations with other unions such as the
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the
United Steel Workers of America and SEIU remain strained and the CAW remains outside of the
Ontario Federation of Labour. The CAW's relationship with other unions has also been strained due to its different political direction. The CAW is strongly left leaning and it has traditionally been a strong supporter of the
New Democratic Party (NDP) and the
Bloc Québécois. However, under former leader
Buzz Hargrove, it began lending its support to the
Liberal Party in ridings which the NDP were unlikely to win in the recent federal elections. The CAW has attempted several times, all unsuccessful, to organize
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada. TMMC Assistant General Manager and spokesman Greig Mordue stated "Our team members will decide whether or not a union best reflects their interest... At this point in time, we don't think they have anything to gain from a union", and described the defeat of the union drive saying "Our team members have recognized that a third party represents a complication they don't need." Despite this, however, the CAW supported Mordue as the Liberal candidate in the 2006 federal election instead of endorsing the NDP's Zoe Kunschner. Mordue attempted to take credit for bringing the new plant to Woodstock, but lost to Conservative incumbent
Dave MacKenzie. The
2006 federal election saw the governing Liberals lose power, despite CAW support. Afterwards, the Ontario NDP voted to expel Hargrove for supporting the Liberals, which automatically suspended his membership in the federal party. The CAW retaliated by severing all union ties with the NDP, a move formalized at the CAW's 2006 convention.
2008–2010 automotive crisis Industry analyst Anthony Faria has criticized the labour contracts that Canadian Auto Workers then-president
Buzz Hargrove negotiated with the
Big Three US automobile manufacturers in 2007, predicting that the
subprime mortgage crisis and currency would hit Canadian auto production especially hard. Faria noted that UAW president
Ron Gettelfinger agreed to have the UAW's "all-in" wage, benefit and pension costs drop from a high of $75.86 per hour in 2007 to an average of about $51 per hour starting in 2010. By comparison, the CAW's cost per hour was $77 in 2007 and will rise to over $80 per hour by the end of the new contract. Faria said that Gettelfinger went into negotiations "with the right intention...Save jobs. The CAW strategy was to squeeze every dime out of them." Hargrove was said to have "instilled backbone and an attitude that the union could always make the auto makers buckle at the bargaining table". Current union president
Ken Lewenza has argued that labour is not responsible for the bankruptcy crisis facing the Big Three automakers, saying that his members would not make concessions part of any taxpayer-funded bailout. Lawenza argued that the CAW agreed in 2007 to make concessions that will save the Big Three $900 million over three years. A spokesman for the
Canadian Taxpayers Federation has criticized the CAW's "no-concession" stance, saying that it only serves to strengthen the opposition to a taxpayer-funded bailout for the struggling Detroit Three automakers. The CTF further pointed out that "It is especially difficult to understand anyone asking for government help that refuses to do anything to help itself to begin with", since they "fail to realize they've existed at the substantial largesse of taxpayers for decades". Kelly McParland, a columnist for the
National Post, has suggested that "if he won't give anything, he and his members are likely to lose everything." He also said that the problem facing the North American auto industry was borne equally by management and labour alike, criticizing labour for building up pay and benefits for themselves that was as unsustainable as it was enviable, while attacking management for its short-term strategy of selling gas-guzzling trucks and sales tactics (price cuts, rebates, free gas and cash-back schemes). The CTF has opposed the proposed CAD $3.5 billion bailout for Canadian subsidiaries of the Big Three, saying that it was an unfair financial burden on the average Canadian, as well as another excuse for the Detroit automakers to postpone much needed change. The CTF noted that federal and provincial governments spent $782-million in the past five years on the Big Three, saying "These have been a bottomless pit of requests for cash". Lewenza disagreed, saying that the bailout should be seen by Canadians as a loan that will be paid back when the country's economy is prosperous again. On December 20, the governments of Canada and Ontario offered $3.3 billion in loans to the auto industry. Under the plan GM was to receive $3 billion and
Chrysler was to receive the rest.
Ford only asked for a line of credit but did not be participating in the bailout. The CAW negotiated a cost-cutting deal with General Motors Canada on March 8, 2009. The deal would extend the current contract for an additional year to September 2012, and preserves the current average assembly-worker base pay of about $34 an hour. It would eliminate a $1,700 annual "special bonus," and reduce special paid absences or "SPA days" from two weeks to one week a year, while maintaining vacation entitlements which range up to six weeks a year for high-seniority workers. The deal also introduced payments by members toward their health benefits - $30 monthly per family for workers and $15 a month for pensioners. Lewenza said it also would trim by 35 per cent company contributions to union-provided programs such as child care and wellness programs. Lewenza called the package a "major sacrifice." However, observers noted that the deal did not go far enough;
Dominion Bond Rating Service analyst Kam Hon described it as "not material." Automotive industry consultant
Dennis DesRosiers said that General Motors had missed the chance to slash labour costs, pointing out that bankruptcy was a looming threat, Ottawa and Queen's Park demanded cuts to the labour bill as a condition of the bailout, and that the deficit to the pension fund would prevent the CAW from striking. CAW autoworkers with seniority were able to maintain 10 weeks of vacation with full pay, while not contributing to their pension fund, relying instead on taxpayers (including these without pensions) to help make up their unfunded liabilities. The agreement is contingent on Canada being allocated 20% of GM's North American, and getting billions of dollars in federal and provincial taxpayer support, which Lewenza stressed will be loans. However, some suggested that this would not be the final time that automakers would request a bailout. Dennis DesRosiers estimated that GM will go through its government loans in a couple of quarters, long before any recovery in the market. Furthermore, GM Canada president Arturo Elias had admitted to MP
Frank Valeriote that GM had pledged all its assets worldwide to the US government in order to secure the first tranche of a US$30 billion loan, leaving no assets to collateralize the $6 billion loan from the
Canadian government. The Canadian Taxpayers' Federation noted that between 1982 and 2005, Ottawa handed out over $18.2 billion to corporations, of which only $7.1 billion was repayable, and only $1.3 billion was ever repaid. On March 31, 2009, the Canadian federal and Ontario governments jointly rejected the restructuring plans submitted by GM and Chrysler. This came a day after US President
Barack Obama had rejected the plans of their parent companies. Both federal Industry Minister
Tony Clement and Ontario Premier
Dalton McGuinty suggested the CAW's initial deal was insufficient in cutting costs and the union had to return to the bargaining table to make further concessions. Both governments maintained that these were needed to make the business viable in order justify the use of taxpayers' money.
Fiat CEO
Sergio Marchionne has asked that CAW wages be reduced to the levels of non-unionized workers from Honda and Toyota operating in Canada, or else they would walk away from the
proposed alliance with Chrysler, resulting in the latter being forced into bankruptcy. Following its emergence from Chapter 11, Chrysler returned to profitability, repaying some of its government loans.
Unifor and the 2013 Merger Following a vote by the Canadian Auto Workers in October 2012 to merge with the
Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada (CEP), the independent operations of the CAW formally concluded on September 1, 2013. During a founding convention held in Toronto, approximately 2,500 delegates representing both organizations approved the merger with a 96 percent majority, resulting in the creation of a new national union named Unifor. Jerry Dias, who had previously served as an assistant to the CAW national president, was elected as the first president of the integrated entity, while the final CAW president, Ken Lewenza, officially retired. At its inception, the merged organization incorporated 300,000 members from the CAW and CEP’s respective jurisdictions in manufacturing, energy, and transportation. This restructuring consolidated the assets and bargaining units of both unions under a single administrative framework, marking the end of the CAW’s 28-year history as a standalone organization. ==CAW leaders==