District health board

Predecessors The district health board (DHB) system had three predecessors: the Area Health Boards (1983–1989), the Regional Health Authorities and Crown Health Enterprises (1993–1997), and the Health Funding Authority (HFA) and Hospital and Health Services (1998–2001). In 1938, the First Labour Government introduced the Social Security Act 1938 with the goal of creating a free public health system in New Zealand. Due to disagreements between the Government and medical professionals, this vision was not realised. In 1941, the Government and medical providers concluded a series of arrangements known as the General Medical Service (GMS) benefits, which established a dual system of public and private healthcare services which would remain in place until 1983. Funding for the DHBs was allocated based on the Health Ministry's population-based funding formula. In addition, the HFA was disestablished and its health funding functions were transferred to the Health Ministry. Dissolution On 21 April 2021, Minister of Health Andrew Little announced that DHBs would be abolished and replaced by a public health agency to be called Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand), which was modelled after the British National Health Service. In addition, a new Te Aka Whai Ora (Māori Health Authority) was established to set up policies for Māori health and to decide and fund those who will deliver services. A Public Health Authority was also established to centralise public health work. The transition will occur over a three-year period with an interim Health New Zealand organisation being set up in late 2021. Legislation establishing the new organisation is expected to occur in mid-2022. The second phase from late 2022 will be the expansion and development over a two-to-three year period. Epidemiologist Michael Baker described the establishment of the district health board system as driven by neoliberalism and characterised it as an "absurd system". He welcomed the abolition of DHBs. In October 2021, the Sixth Labour Government introduced the Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Bill to replace the country's district health boards with the new Te Whatu Ora. The legislation would also establish the Te Aka Whai Ora and a new Public Health Agency while strengthening the Ministry of Health's stewardship role. The bill passed its third reading on 7 June 2022. On 1 July 2022, the district health boards were formally disestablished, with Health New Zealand assuming control of all hospitals and health services. The DHB system's functions and operations were assumed by Te Whatu Ora, Te Aka Whai Ora, and the Health Ministry. In addition, Te Whatu Ora established four new regional divisions to manage health services in the former 20 district health boards: • Northern: Northland, Waitematā, Auckland and Counties Manukau • Te Manawa Taki: Waikato, Lakes, Bay of Plenty, Tairāwhiti, Taranaki • Central: MidCentral, Whanganui, Capital & Coast/Hutt Valley, Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa • Te Waipounamu: Canterbury/West Coast, Nelson Marlborough, Southern, South Canterbury. ==Organisation==

operates Christchurch Hospital (pictured). The Ministry of Health gives district health boards a set of objectives; they have a degree of autonomy in how they choose to achieve these. In contrast to their predecessors, the regional health authorities, the DHBs are non-profit providers. The DHB Funding and Performance Directorate of the Ministry of Health monitors the performance of individual DHBs. DHBs provided funding to primary health organisations (PHOs). DHB activities were governed by boards, which consisted of up to eleven members: seven elected by the public every three years, and up to four appointed by the Government's Minister of Health. From 1 January 2001 the boards comprised appointed members only. The first elected members were chosen in the 2001 local-body elections held on 13 October using the first-past-the-post voting system (FPP). Since the 2004 local-body elections, the single transferable vote (STV, a proportional voting system) has been used. The use of appointed Board members aims to balance the boards' expertise as deemed necessary. As part of the appointment process, the Minister of Health appoints a chairperson and a deputy-chair; either from the appointed members or from elected members. Voting for public-elected DHB board members occurred at the same time as local-body elections. Local-body elections take every three years on the second Saturday in October. As defined in the legislation, elected and appointed (if they get appointed in time) members started their term 58 days after the election (i.e. in early December) and the term of the previous board finished that day. Health Boards were replaced by unelected commissioners in Hawke's Bay in 2009, Southern in 2015 and Waikato in 2019. The basis on which ministers have made such decisions have been questioned. Taranaki and Wairarapa District Health Boards maintained their own ambulance services, with St John and the Wellington Free Ambulance covering the rest of the country. On 1 May 2010 the Otago DHB and the Southland DHB merged to form a new Southern DHB, with elected members coming from two constituencies – Otago and Southland – and the remainder appointed by the Ministry of Health, with the change taking effect from the 2010 local-body elections. From 1 July 2010, a unified primary health organisation has covered the entire new Southern DHB region, with PHO centres in Alexandra, Dunedin and Invercargill with the mandate of providing PHO resources and services, replacing the previous nine PHOs. ==Locations==

There were 20 DHBs, organised around geographical areas, of varying population sizes, though they were not coterminous with the Regions of New Zealand: == See also ==