MarketOutline of artificial intelligence
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Outline of artificial intelligence

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:

AI terminology
Glossary of artificial intelligence == Goals and applications ==
Goals and applications
General intelligence Artificial general intelligenceAI-complete Reasoning and problem solving Automated reasoning • Mathematics • Automated theorem proverComputer-assisted proof – • Computer algebraGeneral Problem SolverExpert system – • Decision support system – • Clinical decision support system Knowledge representation Knowledge representationKnowledge managementCyc Planning Automated planning and schedulingStrategic planningSussman anomaly Learning Machine learning – • Constrained Conditional Models – • Deep learning – • Neural modeling fields – • Supervised learning – • Weak supervision (semi-supervised learning) – • Unsupervised learning Natural language processing Natural language processing (outline) – • Chatterbots – • Language identification – • Large language model – • Retrieval-augmented generation – • Natural language user interface – • Natural language understanding – • Machine translation – • Statistical semantics – • Question answering – • Semantic translation – • Concept mining – • Data mining – • Text mining – • Process mining – • E-mail spam filtering – • Information extraction – • Named-entity extraction – • Coreference resolution – • Named-entity recognition – • Relationship extraction – • Terminology extraction Perception Machine perceptionPattern recognition – • Computer Audition – • Speech recognition – • Speaker recognition – • Computer vision (outline) – • Image processingIntelligent word recognition – • Object recognition – • Optical mark recognition – • Handwriting recognition – • Optical character recognition – • Automatic number plate recognition – • Information extraction – • Image retrieval – • Automatic image annotation – • Facial recognition systems – • Silent speech interface – • Activity recognition – • Percept (artificial intelligence) Robotics Robotics – • Behavior-based robotics – • Cognitive – • Cybernetics – • Developmental robotics – • Evolutionary robotics Control Intelligent controlSelf-management (computer science) – • Autonomic Computing – • Autonomic Networking Social intelligence Affective computingKismet Game playing Game artificial intelligence – • Computer game bot – computer replacement for human players. • Video game AI – • Computer chess – • Computer Go – • General game playing – • General video game playing Creativity, art and entertainment Artificial creativityArtificial lifeArtificial intelligence artAI anthropomorphismAI agentAI web browserAI boomAI slopCreative computingGenerative artificial intelligenceGenerative pre trained transformerUncanny valleyMusic and artificial intelligenceComputational humorChatbot Integrated AI systems AIBO – Sony's robot dog. It integrates vision, hearing and motorskills. • Asimo (2000 to present) – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities. • MIRAGE – A.I. embodied humanoid in an augmented reality environment. • Cog – M.I.T. humanoid robot project under the direction of Rodney Brooks. • QRIO – Sony's version of a humanoid robot. • TOPIO, TOSY's humanoid robot that can play ping-pong with humans. • Watson (2011) – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures. • Purpose: Open domain question answering • Technologies employed: • Natural language processingInformation retrievalKnowledge representationAutomated reasoningMachine learningProject Debater (2018) – artificially intelligent computer system, designed to make coherent arguments, developed at IBM's lab in Haifa, Israel. Intelligent personal assistants Intelligent personal assistant – • Amazon Alexa – • Assistant – • Braina – • Cortana – • Google Assistant – • Google Now – • Mycroft – • Siri – • Viv Other applications Artificial life – simulation of natural life through the means of computers, robotics, or biochemistry. • Automatic target recognition – • Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) – • Speech generating device – • Vehicle infrastructure integration – • Virtual Intelligence – ==History==
History
History of artificial intelligenceProgress in artificial intelligenceTimeline of artificial intelligenceAI effect – as soon as AI successfully solves a problem, the problem is no longer considered by the public to be a part of AI. This phenomenon has occurred in relation to every AI application produced, so far, throughout the history of development of AI. • AI winter – a period of disappointment and funding reductions occurring after a wave of high expectations and funding in AI. Such funding cuts occurred in the 1970s, for instance. • Moore's law History by period 2017 in artificial intelligence2018 in artificial intelligence2019 in artificial intelligence2020 in artificial intelligence2021 in artificial intelligence2022 in artificial intelligence2023 in artificial intelligence2024 in artificial intelligence2025 in artificial intelligence2026 in artificial intelligence2027 in artificial intelligence2028 in artificial intelligence2029 in artificial intelligence History by subject History of logic (formal reasoning is an important precursor of AI) • History of machine learning (timeline) • History of machine translation (timeline) • History of natural language processingHistory of optical character recognition (timeline) == AI algorithms and techniques ==
AI algorithms and techniques
Search • Discrete search algorithms • Uninformed search • • • • • • Informed search • • • • • Adversarial search • • Logic as search • • • • • • • • Planning as search • • Optimization search Optimization (mathematics) algorithms • • • • • Evolutionary computation • • • • • Society based learning algorithms. • • • • LogicLogic and automated reasoning • Programming using logic • • See "Logic as search" above. • Forms of Logic • Propositional logicFirst-order logicFirst-order logic with equality • • Fuzzy logic • • • • • Perceptual Computing – • Default reasoning and other solutions to the frame problem and qualification problem • • Abductive reasoning • • • • Domain specific logics • Representing categories and relations • • • • • • Representing events and time • • • • Causes and effects • • Knowledge about knowledge • Belief revisionModal logics • paraconsistent logics • Planning using logic • • Learning using logic • • • • • General logic algorithms • Other symbolic knowledge and reasoning tools Symbolic representations of knowledge • • • • • • Unsolved problems in knowledge representation • • • • Commonsense knowledge Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning • Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning: • Bayesian networks • Bayesian inference algorithm • Bayesian learning and the expectation-maximization algorithmBayesian decision theory and Bayesian decision networks • Probabilistic perception and control: • Dynamic Bayesian networks • Hidden Markov modelKalman filters • • Decision tools from economics: • Decision theoryDecision analysis • Information value theory • Markov decision processes • Dynamic decision networks • Game theoryMechanism design • • Classifiers and statistical learning methodsClassifier (mathematics) and Statistical classificationAlternating decision treeArtificial neural network (see below) • K-nearest neighbor algorithmKernel methodsSupport vector machineNaive Bayes classifier Artificial neural networksArtificial neural networks • Perceptrons • Multi-layer perceptrons • Radial basis networks • • Recurrent neural networks • Long short-term memoryHopfield networks • Attractor networks • • • Learning algorithms for neural networks • Hebbian learningBackpropagation • • Competitive learningSupervised backpropagationNeuroevolutionRestricted Boltzmann machine Biologically based or embodied • • • • Developmental roboticsSituated AI • • Artificial immune systems • • • Cognitive architecture and multi-agent systems • • • • AERA (AI architecture) • • • • • Distributed artificial intelligence – • Multi-agent system – • • • == Philosophy ==
Philosophy
Definition of AI • Pei Wang's definition of artificial intelligence • Dartmouth proposal ("Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it") • Turing testComputing Machinery and IntelligenceIntelligent agent and rational agentAction selectionAI effectSynthetic intelligence Classifying AI • Symbolic vs sub-symbolic AI • Symbolic AIPhysical symbol systemDreyfus' critique of AIMoravec's paradox • Elegant and simple vs. ad-hoc and complex • Neat vs. ScruffySociety of Mind (scruffy approach) • The Master Algorithm (neat approach) • Level of generality and flexibility • Artificial general intelligenceNarrow AI • Level of precision and correctness • Soft computing • "Hard" computing • Level of intelligence • Progress in artificial intelligenceSuperintelligence • Level of consciousness, mind and understandingChinese roomHard problem of consciousnessComputationalismFunctionalism (philosophy of mind)Robot rightsUser illusionArtificial consciousness == Future ==
Future
Artificial general intelligence. An intelligent machine with the versatility to perform any intellectual task. • Superintelligence. A machine with a level of intelligence far beyond human intelligence. • . A machine that has mind, consciousness and understanding. (Also, the philosophical position that any digital computer can have a mind by running the right program.) • Technological singularity. The short period of time when an exponentially self-improving computer is able to increase its capabilities to a superintelligent level. • Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) – speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent. The more intelligent it got, the more capable it would be of further improving itself, in successively more rapid iterations, potentially resulting in an intelligence explosion leading to the emergence of a superintelligence. • Intelligence explosion – through recursive self-improvement and self-replication, the magnitude of intelligent machinery could achieve superintelligence, surpassing human ability to resist it. • SingularitarianismHuman enhancement – humans may be enhanced, either by the efforts of AI or by merging with it. • Transhumanism – philosophy of human transformation • Posthumanism – people may survive, but not be recognizable in comparison to present modern-day humans. • Cyborgs – • Mind uploading – • Existential risk from artificial general intelligence • • AI takeover – point at which humans are no longer the dominant form of intelligence on Earth and machine intelligence is • • Artificial intelligence arms race – competition between two or more states to have its military forces equipped with the best "artificial intelligence" (AI). • Lethal autonomous weaponMilitary robotUnmanned combat aerial vehicle • Mitigating risks: • AI safetyAI control problemFriendly AI – hypothetical AI that is designed not to harm humans and to prevent unfriendly AI from being developed • Machine ethicsRegulation of AIAI boxSelf-replicating machines – smart computers and robots would be able to make more of themselves, in a geometric progression or via mass production. Or smart programs may be uploaded into hardware existing at the time (because linear architecture of sufficient speeds could be used to emulate massively parallel analog systems such as human brains). • Hive mind – • Robot swarm – ==Fiction==
Fiction
Artificial intelligence in fiction – Some examples of artificially intelligent entities depicted in science fiction include: • AC created by merging 2 AIs in the Sprawl trilogy by William GibsonAgents in the simulated reality known as "The Matrix" in The Matrix franchiseAgent Smith, began as an Agent in The Matrix, then became a renegade program of overgrowing power that could make copies of itself like a self-replicating computer virus • AM (Allied Mastercomputer), the antagonist of Harlan Ellison's short novel I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream • Amusement park robots (with pixilated consciousness) that went homicidal in Westworld and FutureworldAngel F (2007) – • Arnold Rimmer – computer-generated sapient hologram, aboard the Red Dwarf deep space ore hauler • Ash – android crew member of the Nostromo starship in the movie Alien • Ava – humanoid robot in Ex Machina • Bishop, android crew member aboard the U.S.S. Sulaco in the movie AliensC-3PO, protocol droid featured in all the Star Wars movies • Chappie in the movie CHAPPiE • Cohen and other Emergent AIs in Chris Moriarty's Spin Series • Colossus – fictitious supercomputer that becomes sentient and then takes over the world; from the series of novels by Dennis Feltham Jones, and the movie Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) • Commander Data in Star Trek: The Next GenerationCortana and other "Smart AI" from the Halo series of games • Cylons – genocidal robots with resurrection ships that enable the consciousness of any Cylon within an unspecified range to download into a new body aboard the ship upon death. From Battlestar Galactica. • Erasmus – baby killer robot that incited the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise • HAL 9000 (1968) – paranoid "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic" computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey, that attempted to kill the crew because it believed they were trying to kill it. • Holly – ship's computer with an IQ of 6000 and a sense of humor, aboard the Red Dwarf • In Greg Egan's novel Permutation City the protagonist creates digital copies of himself to conduct experiments that are also related to implications of artificial consciousness on identityJane in Orson Scott Card's Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, and Investment Counselor • Johnny Five from the movie Short Circuit • Joshua from the movie War GamesKeymaker, an "exile" sapient program in The Matrix franchise"Machine" – android from the film The Machine, whose owners try to kill her after they witness her conscious thoughts, out of fear that she will design better androids (intelligence explosion) • Maschinenmensch (1927) an android is given female form in a plot to bring down the Metropolis (the first film designated to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register) • Mimi, humanoid robot in Real Humans – "Äkta människor" (original title) 2012 • Omnius, sentient computer network that controlled the Universe until overthrown by the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise • Operating Systems in the movie HerPuppet Master in Ghost in the Shell manga and animeQuestor (1974) from a screenplay by Gene Roddenberry and the inspiration for the character of DataR2-D2, excitable astromech droid featured in all the Star Wars movies • Replicants – biorobotic androids from the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and the movie Blade Runner which portray what might happen when artificially conscious robots are modeled very closely upon humans • Roboduck, combat robot superhero in the NEW-GEN comic book series from Marvel Comics • Robots in Isaac Asimov's Robot series • Robots in The Matrix franchise, especially in The Animatrix • Samaritan in the Warner Brothers Television series "Person of Interest"; a sentient AI which is hostile to the main characters and which surveils and controls the actions of government agencies in the belief that humans must be protected from themselves, even by killing off "deviants" • Skynet (1984) – fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent computer network in the Terminator franchise that wages total war with the survivors of its nuclear barrage upon the world. • "Synths" are a type of android in the video game Fallout 4. There is a faction in the game known as "the Railroad" which believes that, as conscious beings, synths have their own rights. The institute, the lab that produces the synths, mostly does not believe they are truly conscious and attributes any apparent desires for freedom as a malfunction. • TARDIS, time machine and spacecraft of Doctor Who, sometimes portrayed with a mind of its own • Terminator (1984) – (also known as the T-800, T-850 or Model 101) refers to a number of fictional cyborg characters from the Terminator franchise. The Terminators are robotic infiltrator units covered in living flesh, so as be indiscernible from humans, assigned to terminate specific human targets. • The Bicentennial Man, an android in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe • The geth in Mass Effect • The Machine in the television series Person of Interest; a sentient AI which works with its human designer to protect innocent people from violence. Later in the series it is opposed by another, more ruthless, artificial super intelligence, called "Samaritan". • The Minds in Iain M. Banks' Culture novels. • The Oracle, sapient program in The Matrix franchise • The sentient holodeck character Professor James Moriarty in the Ship in a Bottle episode from Star Trek: The Next Generation • The Ship (the result of a large-scale AC experiment) in Frank Herbert's Destination: Void and sequels, despite past edicts warning against "Making a Machine in the Image of a Man's Mind." • The terminator cyborgs from the Terminator franchise, with visual consciousness depicted via first-person perspective • The uploaded mind of Dr. Will Caster – which presumably included his consciousness, from the film TranscendenceTransformers, sentient robots from the entertainment franchise of the same name • V.I.K.I. – (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans, but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force – and her doing harm to humans – by reasoning she could produce a greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself. • Vanamonde in Arthur C. Clarke's The City and the Stars - an artificial being that was immensely powerful but entirely childlike. • WALL-E, a robot and the title character in WALL-E • TAU in ''Netflix's original programming feature film 'TAU'--an advanced AI computer who befriends and assists a female research subject held against her will by an AI research scientist.'' ==AI community==
AI community
Open-source AI development tools Hugging Face – • OpenAIR – • OpenCog – • RapidMiner –realme 1 • PyTorch Projects List of artificial intelligence projectsAutomated Mathematician (1977) – • Allen (robot) (late 1980s) – • Open Mind Common Sense (1999– ) – • Mindpixel (2000–2005) – • Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes (2003–2008) – • Blue Brain Project (2005–present) – attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering the mammalian brain down to the molecular level. • Google DeepMind (2011) – • Human Brain Project (2013–present) – • IBM Watson Group (2014–present) – business unit created around Watson, to further its development and deploy marketable applications or services based on it. Competitions and awards Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligenceLoebner PrizePublicationsAdaptive Behavior (journal) – • AI Memo – • Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach – • Artificial Minds – • Computational Intelligence – • Computing Machinery and Intelligence – • Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence – • IEEE Intelligent Systems – • IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence – • Neural Networks (journal) – • On Intelligence – • Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp – • ''What Computers Can't Do'' OrganizationsAllen Institute for Artificial Intelligence – research institute funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen to construct AI systems with reasoning, learning and reading capabilities. The current flagship project is Project Aristo, the goal of which is computers that can pass school science examinations (4th grade, 8th grade, and 12th grade) after preparing for the examinations from the course texts and study guides. • Artificial Intelligence Applications InstituteAssociation for the Advancement of Artificial IntelligenceEuropean Coordinating Committee for Artificial IntelligenceEuropean Neural Network SocietyFuture of Humanity InstituteFuture of Life Institute – volunteer-run research and outreach organization that works to mitigate existential risks facing humanity, particularly existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence. • ILabsInternational Joint Conferences on Artificial IntelligenceMachine Intelligence Research InstitutePartnership on AI – founded in September 2016 by Amazon, Facebook, Google, IBM, and Microsoft. Apple joined in January 2017. It focuses on establishing best practices for artificial intelligence systems and to educate the public about AI. • Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour CompaniesAI Companies of IndiaList of artificial intelligence companiesAlphabet Inc.DeepMindGoogle XMeka Robotics (acquired by Google X) • Redwood Robotics (acquired by Google X Google co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google". 2000s onNick Bostrom – • David Ferrucci – principal investigator who led the team that developed the Watson computer at IBM. • Andrew Ng – Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. He founded the Google Brain project at Google, which developed very large scale artificial neural networks using Google's distributed compute infrastructure. He is also co-founder of Coursera, a massive open online course (MOOC) education platform, with Daphne Koller. • Peter Norvig – co-author, with Stuart Russell, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. He is also Director of Research at Google, Inc. • Marc Raibert – founder of Boston Dynamics, developer of hopping, walking, and running robots. • Stuart J. Russell – co-author, with Peter Norvig, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. • Murray Shanahan – author of The Technological Singularity, a primer on superhuman intelligence. • Eliezer Yudkowsky – founder of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute ==See also==
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