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Pachycereus pringlei

Pachycereus pringlei is a species of large cactus native to northwestern Mexico, in the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sonora. It is commonly known as cardón, a name derived from the Spanish word cardo, meaning "thistle"; additionally, it is often referred to as sabueso, which is possibly an early Spanish interpretation of the native Seri term for the plant, xaasj.

Morphology
A cardon specimen is the tallest living cactus in the world, with a maximum recorded height of , with a stout trunk up to in diameter bearing several erect branches. In overall appearance, it resembles the related saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), but differs in being more heavily branched and having branching nearer the base of the stem, fewer ribs on the stems, blossoms located lower along the stem, differences in areoles and spination, and spinier fruit. Its flowers are white, large, nocturnal, and appear along the ribs as opposed to only apices of the stems. ==Lifespan and growth==
Lifespan and growth
An average mature cardon may reach a height of , but individuals as tall as are known. It is a slow-growing plant with a lifespan measured in hundreds of years. One way scientists have aged these cacti has been to use radiocarbon dating to test the spines closest to the ground. Growth can be significantly enhanced in its initial stages by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria such as Azospirillum species. Most adult cardon have several side branches that may be as massive as the trunk. The resulting tree may attain a weight of 25 tons. ==Constituents and biological effects==
Constituents and biological effects
Pachycereus pringlei has psychedelic effects and appears to have been used by ancient people in Baja California, Mexico, as an entheogen. This was discovered by businessman Earl Crockett, who then contacted and became acquainted with Alexander Shulgin. According to Shulgin, N-methylmescaline, in combination with MAOIs also present in the cactus that allow N-methylmescaline to become orally active, may be the active psychedelic constituent. In any case, Shulgin's hypothesis of Pachycereus pringlei's psychedelic activity remains unconfirmed, and the active constituents have yet to be fully resolved. On the other hand, trichocereine (N,N-dimethylmescaline) has been reported to be psychedelic, although these findings are conflicting and controversial. In addition, methyl-TMA (N-methyl-TMA) and N-methyl-DOET are known to be psychedelic at sufficiently high doses. No naturally occurring isoquinolines are known to be hallucinogenic in humans. Some of the alkaloids in Pachycereus pringlei, like carnegine, are known to have toxic effects in animals, for instance strychnine-like convulsions. ==Gallery==
Gallery
File:Pachycereus pringlei cardon sahueso.JPG|Habit File:Pachycereus pringlei with osprey nest.JPG|With an osprey nest atop File:Cardon in flower.jpg|Flowering File:Baja 2014 053 (14829360041).jpg|Husk of a fallen fruit File:Pachycereus Pringlei With Human for Scale.jpg|With human for scale File:Pachycereus pringlei spines.jpg|Spines File:Close up of a single Pachycereus pringlei plant.jpg|Close up of a single plant ==Notes==
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