Reverse glass painting

One of the main challenges of creating a reverse glass painting is how layers are applied when painting. An illustration of this type is usually painted on the opposite side of the glass (the one not presented to the audience), following an opposite succession of layers of paint, applying the front most layer first and the background layer last. In these artworks, the final result must be well thought out before starting the piece and must be taken into account with each layer applied. In realism, for example, pupils and eyebrows are painted first, before applying color to the skin or the eye’s sclera. Process A reverse glass painting has three fundamental steps, line art, painting of internal areas, and background. Line art The first step in a reverse glass painting, (identified in paintings such as those of Vassily Kandinsky, a Russian painter who created more than 70 reverse paintings on glass) is line art, with black lines that show the primary idea of the painting. In Kandinsky's illustrations, thick and defined lines are applied at the beginning of each reverse glass painting. Internal areas Four of Kandinsky's works of art investigated in-depth show more than two layers of applied paint that vary in thickness. The technique varies, but Kandinsky's paintings show internal layers with rapid sweeping brush strokes in large regions and stippling of color in other areas. To create depth, he paints wet-on-wet and sometimes on top but slightly off to the side to blend the colors. Background In reverse glass paintings, details and shadows usually are painted first, while backgrounds are painted last. Different colors can be applied one after the other after each layer has dried or a thin layer of paint before drying. In paintings like those of Kandinsky, black cardboards were used as background to intensify the depth of colors. In others, black backgrounds of paper or wood were necessary since reverse glass paintings are viewed using reflected light rather than traditional transmitted light. == Materials and methods ==

Glass As its name suggests, a reverse glass painting utilizes glass instead of a canvas. One of the most distinctive aspects of this type of painting is the glass that works as a paint holder for the piece. Since ancient times, glass has been created by melting a mixture of silica with alkaline and a stabilizer. Unlike wood or canvas, glass requires preparation before applying color for long-lasting adhesion. Since Roman times, cold painting on glass has been practiced by applying oil paint and lacquer onto a glass area. But due to the speed of deterioration, the technique of reverse glass was developed for the glass to work as a protective varnish. Pigments The pigments' size affects the paint's cohesion and the adhesive characteristics. A study in which nine pigments were tested implemented different shapes and sizes to observe the influence of adhesion of the pigments on the glass. Of all pigments studied, Vermilion was the easiest to observe. It had a more considerable hardening, especially with the addition of adhesive. Pigments were more adherent on homogeneous layers of adhesive, which explains the need for a well-applied adhesive layer to achieve better preservation and application of color. File:Georgeworking.jpg|George Huszar creating an Icon File:Hinterglasbild Anna lehrt Maria.jpg|"Saint Anne teaches Mary", Austrian folk painting, early 19th century == In the United States ==

Two American artists, Marsden Hartley and Rebecca Salsbury James, made artworks using reverse glass painting. Both were inspired by American folk art that included painting on glass, for instance, tinsel painting. Hartley's work in this medium began in 1917. He painted about a dozen still lifes of curvilinear vessels with flowers using this method, but after his initial enthusiasm, he gave up reverse glass painting in less than a year. James began reverse painting in 1928, after Hartley introduced her to the technique. Over the next three decades, she created some 200 floral still lifes, desert landscapes, and non-objective portraits in this medium. Other American artists working in the medium of reverse glass painting include Benjamin Greenleaf. == In China ==

Chinese influence During the 19th and 20th centuries, China had one of the most significant influences on art. Chinese reverse glass painting greatly influenced artists like Gabriel Münter, Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, and Heinrich Campendonk. After the colors, a thin white layer of paint is applied as background to the reverse side of the painting, differently from non-Chinese reverse glass paintings that use black to intensify the colors on the back side of the glass. Color palette A traditional Chinese color palette for reverse glass paintings includes the following colors: Chinese reverse glass paintings also show a significant orientation toward the colors of the rainbow. == In Iran ==

Reverse glass painting () was first seen in Iran during the 15th century, but the art flourished starting in the 19th century. One of the earliest surviving examples of this art in Iran is from the Qajar dynasty, during the reign of Fath Ali Shah (from c. 1797–1834). During the Qajar-era, many large reverse glass portraiture paintings were made, however few survived breakage due to their size and the thinness of the glass used. == References ==