•
Nammalvar, one of the twelve
Alvars. •
Vyasa, writer of
Mahabharata. •
Laozi, name traditionally given to the writer of the
Tao Te Ching, and considered the founder of philosophical
Taoism. •
Heraclitus (c. 535 BCE–c. 475 BCE), pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city
Ephesus,
Ionia, on the coast of
Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher". •
The Stoics (founded early 3rd century BCE) are often considered pantheists for their belief that it is
virtuous to maintain a will (called
prohairesis) that is in accord with nature and for arguing that physical conceptions are adequate to explain the entire cosmos. •
Adi Shankara (788–820 CE), known for consolidating the doctrine of
Advaita Vedānta. •
Johannes Scotus Eriugena (c. 815–c. 877), Irish theologian, Neoplatonist philosopher, and poet. •
Amalric of Bena (died c. 1204–1207), French theologian, father of medieval pantheism, after whom the
Amalricians are named. •
Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He was
burned at the stake for his pantheist views. •
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), Jewish-Dutch philosopher, has been called the "prophet" and "prince" of pantheism. •
John Toland (1670–1722), an Irish rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books including the
Pantheisticon. •
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic. His alleged confession of Spinozism led to what is known as the
pantheism controversy of the 1780s.
Late modern period •
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), German writer,
artist, and politician. His body of work includes
epic and
lyric poetry written in a variety of
metres and styles;
prose and
verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography;
literary and
aesthetic criticism; treatises on
botany,
anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, and over 10,000 letters written by him are extant, as are nearly 3,000 drawings. •
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), German philosopher, one of the creators of German Idealism. He has been labeled a
deist as well. •
Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), German Romantic landscape painter. •
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), German philosopher. •
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the
transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. •
Margaret Fuller (1810–1850), American journalist, editor, critic, translator, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalist movement. •
Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), German statesman and diplomat, first Chancellor of the German Empire. •
Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), American author, poet, philosopher, freemason, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. •
Walt Whitman (1819–1892), American poet, essayist and journalist. •
Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910), Russian writer, philosophical essayist and pacifist. •
Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891), Russian esotericist and mystic. •
Robert G. Ingersoll (1833–1899), lawyer, Civil War veteran, political leader, orator, and notable agnostic. •
Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), German zoologist, natural historian, and philosopher. •
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), German philosopher. While sometimes interpreted as a proponent of
atheistic existentialism by his statements about God, the German philosopher
Martin Heidegger says about Nietzsche's conception of divine: "Is Nietzsche here teaching a pan-theism", asks Heidegger. "If it were pantheism, we would first of all still have to ask what pan — the universe, the whole — and what
theos — God — here mean. At all events, here we have a question! So, then, God is not
dead? Yes and no! Yes, he is dead. But which God? The God of "morality," the Christian God is dead — the "Father" in whom we seek sanctuary, the "Personality" with whom we negotiate and bare our hearts, the "Judge" with whom we adjudicate, the "Paymaster" from whom we receive our virtues' reward, that God with whom we do business. Yet where is the mother who will take pay for loving her child? The God who is viewed in terms of morality, this God alone is meant when Nietzsche says "God is dead." He died because human beings murdered him. They murdered him when they reckoned his divine grandeur in terms of their petty needs for recompense, when they cut him down to their own size. That God fell from power because he was a "blunder" of human beings who negate themselves and negate life (Nietzsche by Martin Heidegger, VIII, 62). Von Douglas Burham notes, in light of Nietzsche, that "God exists entirely immanently to nature or the cosmos" and that Nietzsche opposed popular forms of atheism as mired by morality: "That is, a "religion of pity" captures the way in which an atheist, for example, surreptitiously retains a direct connection to Christianity through the continuing commitment to morality.". Nietzsche in the posthumously-published "
The Will to Power" translated by
Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) states •
Felix Klein (1849–1925), German mathematician. •
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), the Serbian American inventor believed in aether (opposite essentially of gravity) being the source of all existence and energy, sometimes referred to as
prana. or
Qi in Chinese. •
Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), Romantic Austrian composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. •
Claude Debussy (1862–1918), French composer. •
Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), Finnish composer. •
Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961), Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded
analytical psychology. Jung proposed and developed the concept of the
collective unconscious from a pantheistic worldview. •
Janusz Korczak (1878–1942), Polish-Jewish educator, children's author, and pediatrician. •
Albert Einstein (1879–1955), German theoretical physicist, one of the most prolific intellects in human history, identified with Spinoza's God and called his own views on God "pantheistic". Einstein held a wavering view on pantheism and at times did not endorse it completely, making the statement in 1930, "I do not know if I can define myself as a pantheist. The problem involved is too vast for our limited minds." Instead, Einstein also frequently spoke of a more Cosmic Spirituality, a view where religion and science are partnered. Einstein rejected atheism. •
D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930), English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. •
Leon Kelly (1901–1982), American painter and draftsman, most well known for his contributions to American
Surrealism. •
Ansel Adams (1902–1984), American photographer and environmentalist. •
Alan Watts (1915–1973), British philosopher, writer, and speaker. •
Pete Seeger (1919–2014), American folk singer. •
Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993), British actress and humanitarian. •
Carl Sagan (1934–1996), American astronomer, author, and science communicator. •
Jose Mujica (1935–2025),
Uruguay president. •
Alan Vega (1938–2016), American vocalist, primarily known for his work with electronic protopunk duo
Suicide. •
John A. Leslie (1940–), Canadian philosopher and writer. •
Reinhold Messner (1944–), Italian mountaineer, explorer, and author. •
Paul Harrison (1945–), English journalist, author of several books and reports on environment and development, and the founder and president of the World Pantheist Movement. •
Michio Kaku (1947–), American theoretical physicist and science communicator. •
Chris Goodall (1955–), English businessman and author. •
Mark Rylance (1960–), English actor. •
Jadav Payeng (1963–), Indian environmentalist and forestry worker. •
James Hetfield (1963–), American lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, co-founder and main songwriter of
heavy metal band
Metallica. •
TJ Kirk (1985-) American YouTuber and podcaster, formerly known as “The Amazing Atheist”. •
That Vegan Teacher (1964–), Canadian animal rights activist. •
Elon Musk (1971–), entrepreneur and business magnate. •
Gaahl (1975–), Norwegian
black metal vocalist and a painter. ==Groups==