Pantikapaion

and the letters "ΠΑΝ" (Pan), 2nd century BC. During the first centuries of the city's existence, imported Greek articles predominated: pottery (see Kerch Style), terracottas, and metal objects, probably from workshops in Rhodes, Corinth, Samos, and Athens. Local production, imitated from the models, was carried on at the same time. Athens manufactured a special type of bowl for the city, known as Kerch ware. Local potters imitated the Hellenistic bowls known as the Gnathia style as well as relief wares—Megarian bowls. The city minted silver coins from the 5th century BC and gold and bronze coins from the 4th century BC. At its greatest extent it occupied . The Hermitage and Kerch Museums contain material from the site, which is still being excavated. ==Fifth to first centuries BC==

In the 5th–4th centuries BC, the city became the residence first of the Archaeanactids and then of the Spartocids, dynasties of Thracian kings of Bosporus, and was hence itself sometimes called Bosporus. Its economic decline in the 4th–3rd centuries BC was the result of the Sarmatian conquest of the steppes and the growing competition of Egyptian grain. Mithridates with bows from Panticapeum, 4th century BC The last of the Spartocids, Paerisades V, apparently left his realm to Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus. This transition was arranged by one of Mithridates's generals, Diophantus, who earlier had been sent to Taurica to help local Greek cities against Palacus of the Scythian kingdom in Crimea. The mission did not go smoothly: Paerisades was murdered by Scythians led by Saumacus, and Diophantus escaped to return later with reinforcements to suppress the revolt (c. 110 BC). Half of a century later, Mithridates took his life in Pantikapaion, when, after his defeat in a war against Rome, his son and heir Pharnaces and citizens of Pantikapaion turned against him. == First centuries AD ==

Jewish community Several inscriptions dating to the first and second centuries AD mention the local synagogue (sometimes described as belonging jointly to Jews and God-fearers) is named as the supervising body for the legal transaction of freedom. A 3rd-century Hebrew funerary inscription for an individual named Isaac includes a blessing for peace; this inscription was cited by archaeologist Anna Collar as evidence of a broad resurgence in the use of the Hebrew language among the Jewish diaspora during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. From this same period, examples of menorah imagery appear alongside Hebrew names such as Seimon and Samouelos. ==References==