Origins The founder of PRM,
Ahmad Boestamam, was an activist of the leftist
Kesatuan Melayu Muda (
Young Malays Union; KMM). During the
Japanese occupation of Malaya, he had briefly served as with the Japanese sponsored militia known as the Pembela Tanah Ayer (
Defender of the Homeland) and later helped to organise co-operative communes run by the KMM. With the capitulation of the Japanese in 1945, movements that collaborated with the Japanese like KMM likewise collapsed and the leftist Malay activists regrouped to organise various political movements, such as the
Malay Nationalist Party (; PKMM) led by
Burhanuddin al-Helmy, the Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (
Awakened Youth Organisation; API) led by
Ahmad Boestamam and the
Angkatan Wanita Sedar (
Cohort of Awakened Women; AWAS) led by
Shamsiah Fakeh. Boestamam was part of the PKMM and API delegation that participated in the Pan-Malayan Malay Congress in 1946 and was instrumental in keeping the Malay leftist movements out of the
United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that resulted out of the congress. Growing opposition to the
Malayan Union confederation led the British colonial authorities to consider an alternative constitutional framework for the country. A proposal known as the "Constitutional Proposals for Malaya" was developed in co-operation with UMNO and representatives of the
Malay rulers. This proposal was opposed by a large segment of the non-Malay population of the country who saw it as discriminatory as well as a sizeable portion of the nationalists who saw it as delaying the
self-determination and independence of
Malaya. A combination of anti-British sentiments and economic hardships saw the coalescing of the various political movements representing the Malay and non-Malay populations and eventually led to the formation of a broad coalition with the Malay movements represented in
Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (''People's United Front;'' PUTERA), itself a coalition of movements like PKMM, API, AWAS and others, and the non-Malay movements represented in the
All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA), another coalition of movements such as the
Malayan Indian Congress, Malayan Democratic Union, and others. The PUTERA-AMCJA tabled an alternative proposal known as the People's Constitutional Proposal and attempted to lobby for a Royal Commission to be formed to review the original proposals. The PUTERA-AMCJA also launched a successful nationwide
hartal was organised on 20 October 1947, the same date where the constitutional proposals were due to be deliberated by the
House of Commons in London. Despite these efforts, PUTERA-AMCJA failed to overturn the decision to adopt the Constitutional Proposals which led to the formation of the
Federation of Malaya on 31 January 1948. API was banned on 20 March 1948, gaining the distinction of being the first political movement in Malaya to be banned by the authorities and Boestamam was arrested on 1 July 1948. Branches of PRM was formed in the neighbouring British protectorate of
Brunei and the colony of Singapore in what eventually became the
Parti Rakyat Brunei and the Partai Rakyat Singapore (''Singapore People's Party'' – not to be mistaken with the current
Singapore People's Party). Both these branches eventually disappeared from active politics by the mid 1960s with the PRB banned in 1962 as a result of the
Brunei revolt and the PRS never gaining enough support in Singapore for electoral success, with its president
Said Zahari being arrested under
Operation Coldstore before the
1963 Singaporean general election.
Early successes The party contested as part of the Socialist Front in both the
1959 Malayan state and
federal elections and the coalition managed to capture a total of 16 state and eight federal seats. The coalition had its strongest support in Penang and Selangor. It garnered a total of 12.91% of the popular vote in the federal election, becoming the third-largest party in parliament after the UMNO-led
Alliance Party and the
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, which was also led by a former member of KMM and PKMM,
Burhanuddin al-Helmy. While a majority of the coalition's elected representatives were from the Labour Party, Boestamam was elected Setapak MP and
Karam Singh Veriah was elected MP for Damansara, giving PRM its only two elected MPs. The SF further consolidated its gains in municipal elections including the City Council of
Georgetown, Penang where it won 14 of the 15 seats in the Council during the 1961 Local Elections.
Tunku Abdul Rahman's announcement for the expansion of Malaya into a larger federation known as Malaysia in 1961 galvanised the co-operation between the various Opposition parties in the
Parliament. The SF found itself working on the same side as
Parti Negara, the
People's Progressive Party, the
United Democratic Party, and the
Pan-Malayan Islamic Party, in opposing the proposal due to the perception that it was being formulated by the Alliance without the consent of the people of the territories.
Persecution However, with the onset of the
Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation in 1962, opposition to the new federation came to be seen as being pro-Indonesia and anti-national. Boestamam, Ishak Muhammad, Aziz Ishak, and hundreds of other Socialist Front leaders were subsequently arrested under the
Internal Security Act in 1963. These factors cost the SF significant losses in the
1964 general election where PRM and the NCP failed to gain any seats at all and the LPM lost a significant number of seats, ending with just two.
Radicalisation The party underwent a radical change in 1965 when a group of young intellectuals led by
Kassim Ahmad and
Syed Husin Ali took over from Boestamam, who left the party to form
Parti Marhaen Malaysia in 1968. PRM itself was renamed Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (''Malaysian People's Socialist Party;'' PSRM) and it officially adopted
scientific socialism as its ideology. While an understanding was reached in 1969 between PSRM and LPM, it did not result in any cooperation between the two parties. Its final victories as an electoral force were in the 1969 elections when PSRM won two state seats in Pahang through Dzulkifli Ismail (Ulu Kuantan) and S. Sivasubramaniam (Tanah Puteh) and one in Penang through Abdul Rahman Yunus (Balik Pulau). However, the 1969 racial riots and the subsequent suspension of parliament meant they did not take their seats. The formation of the
Barisan Nasional coalition together with the post-riot political climate meant that the party remained on the sidelines. Other leaders were also arrested under the ISA like Syed Husin Ali in 1974 and Kassim himself in 1976. This cost the party significant organisational cohesiveness that continued to plague it right into the next decade. Leaders like
Kampo Radjo, Syed Husin and
Abdul Razak Ahmad helped keep the party intact over the next decade.
Consolidation In the party's congress in 1989, PSRM decided to revert to its previous name but retain the term "Malaysia". A new leadership was also elected and Syed Husin was named party president while academic
Sanusi Osman was elected secretary-general. The reversion to the name Parti Rakyat Malaysia and dropping of the socialist tag was not without controversy and a group led by
Mohd Nasir Hashim left the party. This group eventually formed the core that founded the
Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM). The reorganised PRM contested the
1990 general elections as part of the
Gagasan Rakyat coalition with the
Democratic Action Party,
Parti Melayu Semangat 46,
All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front and
Parti Bersatu Sabah. Although PRM failed to win any seats, it marked the beginning of the reversal of the party's fortunes. The Gagasan Rakyat coalition did not survive the
1995 elections after the withdrawal of PBS and the dissolution of Semangat 46. Nonetheless, this was soon followed by the
Reformasi movement that saw the creation of a new coalition known as
Barisan Alternatif (
Alternative Front) that grouped PRM, DAP, PMIP (now known as PAS) and the newly formed
Parti Keadilan Nasional (
National Justice Party; KeADILan). Prominent figures in PRM during this time included Syed Husin Ali, Abdul Razak Ahmad, Sanusi Osman,
Hassan Abdul Karim,
Rustam Sani,
Syed Shahir Syed Mohamud and
Chong Ton Sin. PRM also gained an influx of younger members from the interest and political consciousness generated by the Reformasi movement during this period which rejuvenated the youth wing of the party. BA contested the
1999 general elections with PRM contesting three parliamentary seats in three state seats. The BA won 40.23% of the popular vote but PRM failed again to win any seats, although it did only lose one seat by a narrow margin of 8.4%.
Merger and revival Following the 1999 general elections, KeADILan began to explore the possibility of a merger between the two parties. At the PRM annual congress in 2002 the concept of the merger was approved with nearly 80 percent of delegates voting in support. The two parties officially merged on 3 August 2003 becoming
Parti Keadilan Rakyat (''People's Justice Party''; PKR). PRM had to contest the
2004 general elections under Keadilan's symbol as the merger had yet to be approved by the authorities. However, the 2004 elections almost routed the BA, with the coalition losing 22 seats out of the 42 it previously held. The poor performance of the new party led some former PRM members to question the merger. In April 2005, the dissidents convened a National Congress in
Johor Bahru, taking advantage of the fact that the party had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, and elected a new executive committee led by former PRM youth leader Hassan Abdul Karim. Other PRM stalwarts who took part in resurrecting the party included academic Rohana Ariffin and former political detainee Koh Swee Yong. However, Hassan would later make a switch back to PKR in 2009 after his proposal to join the
Pakatan Rakyat coalition was rejected by the party congress. Former PRM leaders who eventually gained or sustained a degree of prominence while in PKR included Syed Husin Ali, who served two terms in the Dewan Negara, and Hassan Abdul Karim who was elected Pasir Gudang MP in 2018 and 2022. Another notable figure who made the move from PRM to PKR was
Sivarasa Rasiah who later served as a three-term MP from 2008 to 2022 and deputy minister for rural development from 2018 to 2020. Others who were in both parties included unionist Syed Shahir Syed Mohamud who was MTUC president from 2005 to 2010 and later served in the Dewan Negara from 2012 to 2015, and lawyer
Latheefa Koya who was appointed as Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission chief in 2019.
Recent activity PRM contested in the general elections of
2008,
2018 and
2022 without winning any seats at the federal or state level. PRM did not join the opposition coalition
Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015) or its successor
Pakatan Harapan (2015–present). After Hassan returned to PKR, the position of PRM president was taken up by Rohana Ariffin from 2010 to 2015. She eventually stepped down to be replaced by Ariffin Salimon who was president from 2015 to 2018. His place was then taken by Mohd Hashim Saaludin from 2018 to 2023. In the lead-up to the 2018 general election, the party was joined by former DAP assemblywoman for Teratai,
Jenice Lee Ying Ha, and former Kapar MP,
S. Manikavasagam who had previously represented PKR. Both contested in the election but failed to win. In the
2022 general election, the party nominated 16 candidates, all of whom lost their deposits. In the aftermath of the election, the PRM central committee unanimously voted to appoint former UMNO and PKR politician,
Mohamad Ezam Mohd Nor as deputy president of the party. Rohana Ariffin referred to Ezam's appointment as "tragic", asserting that the party had shifted to the right and that "we are seeing the demise of a left-wing party."
Factional dispute Upon Ariffin Salimon's death in December 2023, Mohamad Ezam was bypassed for the presidency in favour of vice president Ahmad Jufliz Faizal, beginning a factional dispute. An extraordinary general meeting was held on 2 March 2024, where Rohana Ariffin and Mohamad Ezam were elected president and deputy president. The meeting also elected
Tan Chow Kang, S. Manikavasagam, and youth leader Sarah Afiqah Zainol Ariff as party vice presidents, and RN Raj as secretary-general replacing Koh Swee Yong. The Registrar of Societies (ROS) has yet to recognise the new leadership as of 3 March 2024. In
2024 Kuala Kubu Baharu by-election, PRM fielded Ariffin Salomon’s daughter in-law Hafizah Zainuddin, who lost her deposit. In September 2024, Mohamad Ezam left the party to join the
Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). ==List of party leaders==