Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Establishment in 1913 Andrew Carnegie, like other leading internationalists of his day, believed that war could be eliminated by stronger international laws and organizations. "I am drawn more to this cause than to any," he wrote in 1907. Carnegie's single largest commitment in this field was his creation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. On his seventy-fifth birthday, November 25, 1910, Andrew Carnegie announced the establishment of the Endowment with a gift of $10 million worth of first mortgage bonds, paying a 5% rate of interest. The interest income generated from these bonds was to be used to fund a new think tank dedicated to advancing the cause of world peace. In his deed of gift, presented in Washington on December 14, 1910, Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization", and he gave his trustees "the widest discretion as to the measures and policy they shall from time to time adopt" in carrying out the purpose of the fund. Carnegie chose longtime adviser Elihu Root, senator from New York and former Secretary of War and of State, to be the Endowment's first president. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912, Root served until 1925. Founder trustees included Harvard University president Charles William Eliot, philanthropist Robert S. Brookings, former US Ambassador to Great Britain Joseph Hodges Choate, former secretary of state John W. Foster, and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching president Henry Smith Pritchett. In December 1918, Carnegie Endowment Secretary James Brown Scott and four other Endowment personnel, including James T. Shotwell, sailed with President Woodrow Wilson on the USS George Washington to join the peace talks in France. Carnegie is often remembered for having built Carnegie libraries. They were funded by other Carnegie trusts. However, the Endowment built libraries in Belgium, France, and Serbia in three cities which had been badly damaged in the war. In addition, in 1918, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) began to support library special collections on international issues through its International Mind Alcove program, which aimed to foster a more global perspective among the public in the United States and other countries. The Endowment concluded its support for this program in 1958. In December of the same year, the endowment's Board approved a proposal by President Butler to offer aid in modernizing the Vatican Library. From 1926 to 1939, the Carnegie Endowment expended some $200,000 on the endeavor. For his work, including his involvement with the Kellogg–Briand Pact, Butler was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. In November 1944, the Carnegie Endowment published Raphael Lemkin's Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress. The work was the first to bring the word genocide into the global lexicon. In April 1945, James T. Shotwell, director of the Carnegie Endowment's Division of Economics and History, served as chairman of the semiofficial consultants to the US delegation at the San Francisco conference to draw up the United Nations Charter. As chairman, Shotwell pushed for an amendment to establish a permanent United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which exists to this day. In December 1945, Butler stepped down after twenty years as president and chairman of the board of trustees. Butler was the last living member of the original board selected by Andrew Carnegie in 1910. John Foster Dulles was elected to succeed Butler as chairman of the board of trustees, where he served until fellow board member Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president of the US in 1952 and appointed Dulles Secretary of State. Jessica Mathews joined the Carnegie Endowment as its eighth president in May 1997. Under her leadership, Carnegie's goal was to become the first multinational/global think tank. In 2000, Mathews announced the creation of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) headed by Demetrios Papademetriou which became the first stand-alone think tank concerned with international migration. In February 2015, Mathews stepped down as president after 18 years. William J. Burns, former US Deputy Secretary of State, became Carnegie's ninth president. After Burns' nomination and confirmation as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, then-California Supreme Court Justice and Stanford professor Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar became President of the Carnegie Endowment on November 1, 2021. In April 2022, the Carnegie Endowment was compelled to close its Moscow center at the direction of the Russian government. In April 2023 Russia's Ministry of Justice added the center to the so-called list of "foreign agents", and in July 2024 it designated the organization as "undesirable". Officers ;Presidents • Elihu Root (1912–1925) • Nicholas Murray Butler (1925–1945) • Alger Hiss (1946–1949) • James T. Shotwell (1949–1950) • Joseph E. Johnson (1950–1971) • Thomas L. Hughes (1971–1991) • Morton I. Abramowitz (1991–1997) • Jessica Mathews (1997–2015) • William J. Burns (2015–2021) • Thomas Carothers (interim) (2021) • Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar (2021–present) ;Chairpersons • Elihu Root (1910–1925) • Nicholas Murray Butler (1925–1945) • John W. Davis (1946–1947) • John Foster Dulles (1947–1953) • Harvey Hollister Bundy (1953–1958) • Whitney North Seymour (1958–1970) • Seymour Milton Katz (1970–1978) • John W. Douglas (1978–1986) • Charles Zwick (1986–1993) • Robert Carswell (1993–1999) • William H. Donaldson (1999–2003) • James C. Gaither (2003–2009) • Richard Giordano (2009–2013) • Harvey V. Fineberg (2013–2018) • Penny Pritzker (2018–2023) • Catherine James Paglia (2023–2025) • Jane Hartley (2025-present) Board of trustees • Jane Hartley, Chair. Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom and to France. • Steven A. Denning, Vice Chair. Chairman Emeritus, General Atlantic. • Ayman Asfari, Executive Chairman, Venterra Group; Co-founder, The Asfari Foundation. • Jim Balsillie, Founder and Chair, Centre for International Governance Innovation; Co-founder, Institute for New Economic Thinking. • C. K. Birla, Chairman, CK Birla Group. • Bill Bradley, Managing director, Allen & Company. • David Burke, Co-founder, CEO, and managing director, Makena Capital Management. • Mariano-Florentino "Tino" Cuéllar, President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. • Henri de Castries, Chairman, Institut Montaigne; Chairman, Europe General Atlantic; Vice Chairman, Nestlé. • Eileen Donahoe, Executive Director, Global Digital Policy Incubator, Stanford University. • Anne Finucane, Chairman of the Board, Bank of America Europe. • Patricia House, Vice Chairman of the Board, C3.ai. • Maha Ibrahim, General Partners, Canaan Partners. • Walter B. Kielholz, Honorary Chairman, Swiss Re Ltd. • Boon Hwee Koh, Chairman, Altara Ventures Pte Ltd. • Susan Liautaud, Susan Liautaud & Associates Ltd. • Scott D. Malkin, Chairman, Value Retail PLC. • Adebayo Ogunlesi, Chairman and Managing Partner, Global Infrastructure Partners. • Kenneth E. Olivier, Past Chairman and CEO, Dodge & Cox. • Jonathan Oppenheimer, Director, Oppenheimer Generations. • Catherine James Paglia, Director, Enterprise Asset Management. • Deven J. Parekh, Managing Director, Insight Partners. • Victoria Ransom, Founder & CEO, Prisma; Former CEO, Wildfire & Director of Product, Google. • L. Rafael Reif, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology • George Siguler, Founding Partner and Managing Director, Siguler Guff and Company. • Ratan Tata, Chairman, Tata Trust. • Rohan S. Weerasinghe, General Counsel, Citigroup Inc. • Yichen Zhang, Chairman and CEO, CITIC Capital • Robert Zoellick, Senior Counselor, Brunswick Group. ==Carnegie Global Centers==

Carnegie Endowment Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Carnegie Endowment office in Washington, D.C., is home to ten programs: Africa; American Statecraft; Asia; Democracy, Conflict, and Governance; Europe; Global Order and Institutions; Middle East; Nuclear Policy; Russia and Eurasia; South Asia; Sustainability, Climate, and Geopolitics; and Technology and International Affairs. Carnegie Moscow Center In 1993, the Endowment launched the Carnegie Moscow Center, with the belief that "in today's world a think tank whose mission is to contribute to global security, stability, and prosperity requires a permanent presence and a multinational outlook at the core of its operations." The center's stated goals were to embody and promote the concepts of disinterested social science research and the dissemination of its results in post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia; to provide a free and open forum for the discussion and debate of critical national, regional and global issues; and to further cooperation and strengthen relations between Russia and the United States by explaining the interests, objectives and policies of each. , the current director of the center is Maha Yahya. Carnegie Europe Founded in 2007 by Fabrice Pothier, Carnegie Europe is the European center of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. From its newly expanded presence in Brussels, Carnegie Europe combines the work of its research platform with the fresh perspectives of Carnegie's centers in Washington, Moscow, Beijing, and Beirut, bringing a unique global vision to the European policy community. Through publications, articles, seminars, and private consultations, Carnegie Europe aims to foster new thinking on the daunting international challenges shaping Europe's role in the world. Carnegie Europe is currently directed by Rosa Balfour. Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy The Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy was established at Tsinghua University in Beijing in 2010. The center's focuses include China's foreign relations; international economics and trade; climate change and energy; nonproliferation and arms control; and other global and regional security issues such as North Korea, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. The current director of the center is Paul Haenle. Carnegie India In April 2016, Carnegie India opened in New Delhi, India. The center's focuses include the political economy of reform in India, foreign and security policy, and the role of innovation and technology in India's internal transformation and international relations. It is home to the digital publication Carnegie Politika. The current director of the center is . ==See also==

• Adesnik, David, ed. 100 Years of Impact. Essays on the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ( Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011). • Berman, Edward H. The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (State University of New York Press, 1983). • Dubin, Martin David. "The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Advocacy of a League of Nations, 1914–1918" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 123#6 (1979) pp: 344–368. • Greco, John Frank. "A foundation for internationalism: the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1931–1941" (PhD dissertation, Syracuse University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1971. 7123444). • Lutzker, Michael A. "The Formation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: A Study of the Establishment-Centered Peace Movement, 1910–1914" in Building the Organizational Society: Essays on Associational Activities in Modern America, edited by Jerry Israel, (Free Press, 1972) pp 143–162. • Parmar, Inderjeet. "The Carnegie Corporation and the mobilisation of opinion in the United States' rise to globalism, 1939–1945." Minerva (1999): 355–378. • Parmar, Inderjeet. "Engineering Consent: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Mobilization of American Public Opinion, 1939–1945" Review of International Studies 26#1 (2000): 35–48. • Patterson, David S. "Andrew Carnegie's quest for world peace." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 114.5 (1970): 371–383. • Rietzler, Katharina. "Before the Cultural Cold Wars: American Philanthropy and Cultural Diplomacy in the Interwar Years." Historical Research 84, no. 223 (2011): 148–164. • Rietzler, Katharina. "Fortunes of a Profession: American Foundations and International Law, 1910–1939." Global Society 28, no. 1 (2014): 8–23. • Rietzler, Katharina Elisabeth. "American foundations and the 'scientific study' of international relations in Europe, 1910–1940" (PhD Diss University College London, 2009); online • Wegener, Jens. "Creating an 'International Mind'? The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Europe, 1911–1940" (Doctoral dissertation, European University Institute, 2015) online • Wegener, Jens. 2026. "Financing International Law: The Role of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Building a Profession." in The Cambridge Handbook of the League of Nations and International Law, pp. 303–320. Cambridge University Press, • Winn, Joseph W. "Nicholas Murray Butler, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and the Search for Reconciliation in Europe, 1919–1933." Peace & Change 31.4 (2006): 555–584. • Winn, Joseph W. "The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Missionaries for cultural internationalism, 1911–1939" (PhD dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2004; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 3123823). ==External links==