is marked "X" (above left end of
Santa Rosa Island).
Before European contact The original inhabitants of the
Pensacola Bay area were
Native American peoples. At the time of European contact, a
Muskogean-speaking tribe known to the Spanish as the
Pensacola, lived in the region. This name was not recorded until 1677, but the tribe appears to be the source of the name "Pensacola" for the bay and thence the city.
Creek people, also Muskogean-speaking, came regularly from present-day southern Alabama to trade, so the peoples were part of a broader regional and even continental network of relations.
Spanish The area's written recorded history begins in the 16th century, with documentation by
Spanish explorers, who were the first Europeans to reach the area. The expeditions of
Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528 and
Hernando de Soto in 1539 both visited Pensacola Bay, the latter of which documented the name "Bay of Ochuse". In the
Age of Sail, Pensacola was the busiest port on the
Gulf Coast, having the deepest harbor. training ship
Juan Sebastian de Elcano fires a
21-gun salute in honor of Pensacola's 450th anniversary in 2009. On August 15, 1559,
Tristán de Luna y Arellano landed with some 1,500 people on 11 ships from
Veracruz, Mexico. The expedition was to establish an outpost, ultimately called
Santa María de Ochuse by Luna, as a base for Spanish efforts to colonize
Santa Elena (present-day
Parris Island, South Carolina), but the colony was decimated by a
hurricane on September 19, 1559, The Spanish built three presidios in Pensacola: •
Presidio Santa Maria de Galve (1698–1719): The presidio included fort
San Carlos de Austria (east of present-day
Fort Barrancas) and a village with church. but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola.
British After years of settlement, the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763 as a result of an exchange following British victory over both France and Spain in the
French and Indian War (the North American theater of the
Seven Years' War), and French cession of its territories in North America. The British designated Pensacola as the capital of their new colony of
West Florida. From 1763, the British strengthened defenses around the mainland area of fort
San Carlos de Barrancas, building the Royal Navy Redoubt.
George Johnstone was appointed as the first British governor, and in 1764, a
colonial assembly was established. The structure of the colony was modeled after the existing
British colonies in America, as opposed to
French Canada, which was based on a different structure. West Florida was invited to send delegates to the
First Continental Congress, which was convened to present colonial grievances against the British Parliament to
George III, but along with several other colonies, including East Florida, they declined the invitation. Once the
American War of Independence had broken out, the colonists remained overwhelmingly loyal to the Crown. In 1778, the
Willing Expedition proceeded with a small force down the Mississippi, ransacking estates and plantations, until they were eventually defeated by a local militia. In the wake of this, the area received a small number of British reinforcements. British military resources were limited and Pensacola ranked fairly low on their list of priorities. So, only small token number of British military forces were ever sent to defend Pensacola. This was in contrast to colonies such as South Carolina, where large numbers of British soldiers were sent. After Spain joined the
American Revolution in 1779 on the side of the rebels, Spanish forces captured the city in the 1781
Siege of Pensacola, gaining control of West Florida. St. Michael's Cemetery was established in the 18th century at a location in a south-central part of the city, which developed as the downtown area. Initially owned by the Church of St. Michael, it is now owned and managed by St. Michael's Cemetery Foundation of Pensacola, Inc. Preliminary studies indicate that it has over 3,200 marked burials, as well as a large number unmarked. In June 1861, the Pensacola Guards were mustered in as a company in the
1st Florida Infantry Regiment. In 1907–1908, 116
Creeks in Pensacola applied for the
Eastern Cherokee enrollment, thinking that all Indians were eligible to enroll. Based on Alabama census records, most of these individuals have been found to be descendants of Creeks who had migrated to the Pensacola area from southern Alabama after Indian removal of the 1830s. ==Geography==