Background Alphonse Massamba-Débat, who became the president of the Republic of the Congo in 1963, was the first African head of state who proclaimed himself openly a
Marxist. He established a
single-party system in 1964 around his own political group, the
National Revolution Movement (Mouvement National de la Révolution). Massamba-Débat was elected Secretary General of the National Revolution Movement while
Ambroise Noumazalaye became its First Secretary. The Congolese single party was backed by a well-armed popular militia, the
Défense Civile, headed by
Ange Diawara. However, by 1968 mounting protests led Massamba-Débat to imprison one of its leaders, Captain
Marien Ngouabi.
Proclamation Seeing that the
militant leftist opposition was not giving up, Massamba-Débat ended up yielding and proclaimed an amnesty, freeing Marien Ngouabi, among other political prisoners in mid-1968. Following the amnesty Massamba-Débat relinquished his power in September giving way to a period of instability. Finally on 31 December 1968 Marien Ngouabi became the head of state. The new leader officially proclaimed a socialist-oriented state in the form of a "Popular Republic" on 31 December 1969. The administration became strongly centralized in
Brazzaville and the main government posts were taken over by
Congolese Workers' Party—
Parti congolais du travail (PCT)—cadres after abolishing the national assembly of the previous republic. The
Marxist–Leninist PCT held a constitutive congress in the capital from 29 to 31 December 1969, becoming the sole party of the new state. Marien Ngouabi further introduced a number of communist policies—such as nationalizing the
means of production—in the succeeding years. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and was succeeded by colonel
Joachim Yhombi-Opango, who ruled until February 1979, when
Denis Sassou-Nguesso rose to power. This association remained strong after Ngouabi's assassination in 1977. However, the PCT government also maintained a close relationship with
France throughout its existence.
Transition In mid-1991, the Sovereign National Conference removed the word
populaire ("People's") from the country's official name, while also replacing the flag and anthem that had been used under the PCT government. The Sovereign National Conference ended the PCT government, appointing a transitional Prime Minister,
André Milongo, who was invested with executive powers. President
Denis Sassou Nguesso was allowed to remain in office in a ceremonial capacity during the transitional period. == Events and emblems ==