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Pfalzfeld obelisk

The Pfalzfeld obelisk is a Celtic carved sandstone monument, an example of the sculpture of the Iron Age La Tène culture. The obelisk, removed from its original site to the churchyard of Pfalzfeld, is believed to have been a funerary monument from one of the nearby burial grounds. The obelisk has been dated to the 4th or 5th century BC. It is currently in the collection of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn.

Archaeological context and later history
There is no concrete indication of the stone's original location. The heads on the Pfalzfeld obelisk are stylistically and materially similar to the fragmentary sandstone head uncovered at Heidelberg, which may suggest they came from the same workshop, in which case the obelisk probably originated in the Odenwald. Another drawing was made in 1739, this one much less accurate. German antiquarian has mentioned a drawing of about 1845. When Dilich drew it, the obelisk was in the churchyard of Pfalzfeld, though it is not thought to have originated there. Antiquarians in the 18th century apparently believed it to be a Roman tombstone. Some futile excavations were carried out in 1737 in search of the tomb. In the 1608/09 drawing, the height of the stele from the round base up appears to have been about 2.20m. In the 1739 drawing it was 2m and the 1845 drawing apparently shows no major further loss of height. However, by 1901, when Koenen wrote about the obelisk, its height had been reduced to 1.48m. A portion of the base also seems to have broken off in this period. The stone therefore appears to have undergone significant damage in the latter half of the 19th century, caused by weathering in combination with frequent relocation. A witness in 1690, furthermore, related that the old people of Pfalzfeld recalled that the obelisk had originally had a human head on top of it, but that this head was torn down as idolatrous. The obelisk was perhaps crowned with a head similar to the Janus-faced Heidelberg head. Joachim estimates that originally the obelisk may have measured as much as 2.80m from the base and 3.50m altogether. Gallery ==Description==
Description
The Pfalzfeld obelisk is carved from a brown-violet quartz sandstone, probably sourced from the Saar-Nahe Basin. Each of the four sides is decorated. All four sides of the obelisk are carved with the same basic pattern, with slight differences in execution and the orientation of some elements. Near the base of the obelisk, a head is carved on each side. Visible are a moustache, a nose, eyes without pupils, and a narrow headband; no mouth is visible on any of the heads. The forehead of each face is marked with a lotus motif. Each head wears a Celtic leaf-crown (German: ), made up of two asymmetrical teardrop-shaped leaves. Each head rests on a three-leafed design which archaeologist Ian Armit has described as "enigmatic". Joachim has identified them with beards; Michael J. Enright with tasselled torcs; and Armit with plinths upon which the heads (supposedly severed) rest. S-shaped swirls work their way up the obelisk symmetrically. The borders are rope-like, diagonally notched. At the very top, downwards-facing palmettes are visible. Gallery ==Interpretation==
Interpretation
prince statue. The Pfalzfeld obelisk is widely thought to have been a funerary monument due to its proximity to several Iron Age burial grounds. Some scholars have suggested that the obelisk was intended as a phallic symbol, with the dome base identifiable with the phallus's glans Few explicitly sexual motifs are known in Celtic art, though Armit has entertained the idea on the basis that the Celtic head motif was "bound up in wider concepts of fertility and renewal." ==Notes==
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