Missing-children milk carton

, in 1985 During the late 1970s and 1980s in the United States, missing child cases garnered a great deal of news media attention. Chief among these were the disappearance of Etan Patz (1979) and the kidnapping and murder of Adam Walsh (1981), whose story was told in the 1983 television movie, Adam. These reports developed into a type of moral panic called "stranger danger". In 1984, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children was founded. In September 1984, Anderson Erickson Dairy in Des Moines, Iowa, began printing the photographs of two boys — Johnny Gosch and Eugene Martin — who went missing while delivering newspapers for the Des Moines Register. A similar milk-carton advertising program for missing children launched in Chicago, Illinois, with support from the police and statewide in California with support from the government. In December 1984/January 1985, Etan Patz was one of the first missing children, and perhaps the most famous of them, to be sought with this strategy. In 1979, when the six-year-old boy went missing on the way to the schoolbus in Manhattan, there had been no system in the United States for tracking missing children nationwide. In 1985, Patz's photo was printed on milk cartons so that consumers purchasing milk at retail markets could be encouraged to look for the missing child. Today, AMBER Alerts use technology including notifications to mobile phones to give up-to-date information about potential child abductions. Yvonne Jewkes and Travis Linnemann write in Media and Crime in the U.S.: One of the more recent appearances of a face on a milk carton was when 16-year-old Molly Bish disappeared from her lifeguarding job in Massachusetts in 2000. Her parents became active in raising awareness about missing children. The girl's remains were found three years later, five miles from where she disappeared. ==Criticism==

Overstating risk The campaigns brought attention to the idea of "stranger danger". However, most of the abducted children pictured on milk cartons during the 1980s were taken by a noncustodial divorced parent, not a stranger. Racially biased Standup comedian Eddie Griffin performed a "White Kids on Milk Cartons" routine based on his recollection that the children featured on the cartons were usually white. This is not representative of the demographics of missing children. In 1997, while making up only 15 percent of the U.S. child population, Black (non-Hispanic) children were 42 percent of all nonfamily abductions. Hispanic children too were slightly more likely to be victimized this way than average, making up 16 percent of the population but 23 percent of nonfamily abductions. By contrast, White (non-Hispanic) children, at 65 percent of the population, were 35 percent of the nonfamily abductions. Natalie Wilson, cofounder of the Black and Missing Foundation, told Essence Magazine in 2014: "In the field, I've seen a majority of black missing children classified as runaways, who don't get Amber Alerts." Legal issues "There were some legal issues that arose in the mid 1980s about who could post a child's photo on a milk carton", said Donna Linder, Executive Director of Child Find Of America. Emotionally distressing In the late 1980s, the pediatrician Benjamin Spock said that the cartons terrified small children at the breakfast table with the implication that they may also be abducted. No data to track success It is hard to say how successful these advertisements were, since "nobody kept any hard, verifiable numbers on the program as a whole." "What it did was raise the level of awareness," said Johnny Gosch's mother. "It didn't necessarily bring us tips or leads we could actually use." ==See also==