Electroretinography

Clinically used mainly by ophthalmologists the electroretinogram (ERG) is used for the diagnosis of various retinal diseases. Inherited retinal degenerations in which the ERG can be useful include: • Retinitis pigmentosa and related hereditary degenerations • Retinitis punctata albescens • Leber's congenital amaurosis • Choroideremia • Gyrate atrophy of the retina and choroid • Goldman-Favre syndrome • Congenital stationary night blindness - normal a-wave indicates normal photoreceptors; absent b-wave indicates abnormality in the bipolar cell region. • X-linked juvenile retinoschisis • Achromatopsia • Cone dystrophy • Disorders mimicking retinitis pigmentosa • Usher syndrome Other ocular disorders in which the standard ERG provides useful information include: • Diabetic retinopathy • Other ischemic retinopathies including central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), branch vein occlusion (BVO), and sickle cell retinopathy • Toxic retinopathies, including those caused by Plaquenil and Vigabatrin. The ERG is also used to monitor retinal toxicity in many drug trials. • Autoimmune retinopathies such as cancer associated retinopathy (CAR), melanoma associated retinopathy (MAR), and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) • Retinal detachment • Assessment of retinal function after trauma, especially in vitreous hemorrhage, dense cataracts, and other conditions where the fundus cannot be visualized. The ERG is also used extensively in eye research, as it provides information about the function of the retina that is not otherwise available. Other ERG tests, such as the photopic negative response (PhNR) and pattern ERG (PERG), are used to assess retinal ganglion cell function and may be useful in diseases such as glaucoma. The multifocal ERG is used to record separate responses for different retinal locations. The international body concerned with the clinical use and standardization of the ERG, EOG, and VEP is the International Society for the Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV). == Other uses ==

In addition to its clinical diagnostic purpose, the ERG can be used during the course of drug development and in clinical trials for testing ocular safety and efficacy of new or existing drugs and treatment modalities. A 2013 study by Nasser et al. found that the retinal dopaminergic response to eating a brownie is equivalent in magnitude to the response to a 20 mg dose of methylphenidate, which implies that the activity of dopamine neurons in the retina reflects brain dopaminergic activity. The study concludes that, if verified by further research, "ERG could provide the neurotransmitter specificity of PET at a much lower cost". The ERG has been shown to differ in people with schizophrenia and may be useful in helping to differentiate schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. ==History==

ERG was one of the earliest recorded biological potential. The first known ERG was recorded by the Swedish physiologist Alarik Frithiof Holmgren, who recorded it in 1865 on an amphibian retina. However, he failed to understand his findings accurately. He thought the responses he recorded were from the optic nerve instead of the retina. The first human ERG was recorded in 1877 by Scottish chemist and physicist Sir James Dewar. James Dewar and John Gray McKendrick independently suggested that the biological potential was from retina. In 1908, Einthoven and Jolly divided the ERG response into three components: A-wave, B-wave, and C-wave. In 1941, American psychologist Lorraine Riggs introduced a contact lens electrode for ERG recording. Many of Ragnar Granit's observations became the basis of ERG understanding, for which he was awarded the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. == See also ==