Phytophthora capsici

Under field conditions, P. capsici has been found to affect a wide range of hosts in the families Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae, including: cantaloupe, cucumber, watermelon, bell pepper, tomato, snap beans, and lima beans. Although beans, lima beans, and soybeans were previously thought to be immune to P. capsici, in 2000 and 2001, "Phytophthora capsici was isolated from five commercial cultivars of lima bean in Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey. It was also recently isolated from commercial snap beans in northern Michigan." ==Symptoms==

General symptoms General symptoms on the solanaceous crops and cucurbits include seed rot and seedling blight which discolors the roots and causes seedlings to topple over. Preemergence and postemergence damping-off are also possible symptoms that may occur. Bean Include water-soaked foliage, stem and pod necrosis. Pepper Infection of the pepper commonly starts at the soil line leading to symptoms of dark, water soaked areas on the stem. Dark lesions of the stem may girdle the plant resulting in death. Roots of the pepper plant appear brown and mushy. Leaf spots start out small and become water soaked, and as time progresses may enlarge turn tan and crack. Blighting of new leaves may also take place. The fruit of the pepper is infected through the stem giving way to water soaked areas on the fruit that are overgrown by signs of the pathogen which appear as, "white-gray, cottony, fungal-like growth" (hyphae). The fruit mummifies and stays attached to the stem. Cantelope Similar symptoms to that of the watermelon. Cucumber Symptoms of the cucumber are similar to that of other cucurbits, but do not include crown gall as a symptom. ==Disease cycle==

P. capsici is a heterothallic oomycete. The sexual types are designated as A1 and A2. Phytophthora capsici produces both a male and a female type gametangia called an antheridium (male) and an oogonium (female). The antheridium is amphigynous in the species, meaning that the antheridium may remain in this male form of the gametangia or develop into the female gametangia which is an oogonium. Karyogamy between these two types of gametangia one being from the A1 sexual type and the other of the A2 sexual type results in the formation of an overwintering oospore. The oospores may directly germinate into a germ tube or indirectly germinate and give rise to sporangia which then indirectly germinates and gives rise to zoospores. Zoospores are biflagellate motile spores with one long tinsel flagella directed forward and one shorter whiplash flagella directed backward. These biflagellate zoospores are responsible for the polycyclic qualities of this disease. Chlamydospores, found in other Phytophthora species, have not been documented on P. capsici in nature or formed on isolates that were collected from a range of hosts and locations. ==Environment==

Disease initially occurs in low areas of fields where water accumulates, often leading growers to believe that stunting and death of the cultivar is due to water logging. P. capsici grows best at . It rapidly spreads in warm wet conditions. The asexual spore bearing structures called sporangia are spread by irrigation water, drainage water, and rain. These indirectly germinate and release zoospores. ==Management==

Crop rotation may reduce the number of pathogens in the soil and, "a minimum of a 3 years crop rotation which alternates with non-host species is recommended to avoid build-up of P. capsici spores." Crops should also avoid conditions that would be conducive to the pathogen by using well drained soils and raised beds. Mefenoxem is the active enantiomer contained in the racemic fungicide metalaxyl used to defend against Phytophthora capsici. Sexual recombination provides the genetic diversity to promote resistance towards fungicides in P. capsici. The failure of crop rotation as a means to control P. capsici may also be due to weeds playing the role of an alternative host in the absence of common hosts. According to a study done by the University of Florida, "In Florida, and perhaps elsewhere, weeds may contribute to pathogen survival in the absence of a host crop or when propagules may not readily survive in soil or plant debris." To avoid fruit rot of vegetable crops in the Cucurbitaceae, trellising cucurbit fruits and other ways to keep the fruit off the ground is a way to control secondary inoculants (zoospores) from physically being splashed from the soil onto the fruit. Although resistance has been developed in the cultivars Adra (Abbott and Cobb Seed Co.) and Emerald Isle (Harris Moran Seed Co.), they do not possess sufficient horticultural characteristics accepted by bell pepper growers in the U.S.. Paladin (Novartis Seed Co.) has excellent resistance to the crown rot phase of Phytophthora rot and is acceptable to most growers. Paladin does not possess resistance to the foliar phase of this disease and one must use copper fungicides along with the resistant strain for control. ==Importance==

Phytophthora capsici was first described by Leon H. Leonian at the New Mexico Agricultural Research Station in Las Cruces in 1922. After this, issues were documented in the Arkansas River Valley of Colorado in the 1930s and 1940s. Major research was initiated by M.K. Hausbeck and K.H. Lamour when crop losses due to P. capsici threatened to bankrupt numerous vegetable producers in Michigan (which could potentially threaten 134 million dollars' worth of vegetable crops). ==References==