Carloman was born in 777, the second son of
Charlemagne and his wife
Hildegard. Carloman had an older brother,
Charles the Younger, and half brother
Pepin the Hunchback, Charlemagne's eldest son. Charlemagne had been
king of the Franks since 768, and in 774 conquered the
Kingdom of the Lombards in northern Italy, partially on the request of
Pope Adrian I for assistance against the Lombard king
Desiderius. In 781, Charlemagne and Hildegard brought Carloman along with his younger brother
Louis the Pious and sisters
Rotrude and
Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne to Rome at Adrian's request. Carloman was four years old, but his parents had delayed his baptism so that the Pope could perform it. Carloman was baptized, and Adrian then crowned him as
king of the Lombards (later styled
king of Italy) and his brother Louis as
king of Aquitaine. As part of Carloman's baptism, he was renamed Pepin, now sharing a name with his half-brother. The reason behind the name change is obscure, but it was likely chosen to evoke the memory of his grandfather
Pepin the Short, remembered as a staunch ally of the papacy, and this legacy was important to emphasize for the young king who was to rule Italy. Though only four years old, Pepin's coronation was not nominal—he was brought to Lombardy to live under the care of advisors provided by Charlemagne, the most important of which were
Adalard of Corbie,
Waldo of Reichenau, the Lombard duke Rotchild, and
Angilbert. Pepin's court was based primarily at
Verona, though he also operated from palaces in
Mantua and the traditional Lombard capital of
Pavia. Pepin was king in his own name, but Charlemagne took a strong hand in Italy even into Pepin's adulthood, even on occasion issuing laws directly. After Pepin came of age, he began fulfilling his role as a military leader. He participated in his father's campaign against
Tassilo III of Bavaria in 786. In 796, he led a campaign against the
Avar Khaganate, taking their stronghold and precipitating the collapse of the Avar state, allowing the Frankish realm to expand eastward. Pepin's victory was celebrated in the contemporary Latin poem . Pepin also led multiple raids against the
Duchy of Benevento and a successful campaign in 810 against the
Republic of Venice. In 806, Charlemagne gathered his sons and issued the , which outlined formalized plans for the inheritance of the empire upon his death. Pepin was confirmed in this rule of Italy while also gaining most of
Bavaria and
Alamannia; Louis gained
Provence,
Septimania, and most of
Burgundy in addition to Aquitaine; and Charles as his eldest son in good favour (Pepin the Hunchback having been confined to a monastery after a failed rebellion), was given the largest share of the inheritance, with rule of Francia proper along with Saxony,
Nordgau, and parts of Alemannia. Charlemagne did not address the inheritance of the title of
emperor he had gained in 800. The also addressed the death of any of the brothers, and urged peace between them and between any of their nephews who might inherit. Charlemagne's succession plans did not come to fruition. Pepin died on 8 July 810, followed in quick succession by the deaths of his sister
Rotrude, his aunt
Gisela, Abbess of Chelles, and his half brother Pepin, and his brother Charles over the course of 810–811. All were possibly victims of an epidemic that had spread from cattle in 810. In the wake of these deaths, Charlemagne declared Pepin's son
Bernard ruler of Italy, and his own only surviving son Louis as heir to the rest of the empire. Louis and Bernard were formally invested as Charlemagne's heirs in September of 813, and would fully succeed upon his death in 814. ==Family and descendants==