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Portmanteau

In literature, a portmanteau, also known in linguistics and lexicography as a blend word, lexical blend, or simply a blend, is a word formed by combining the meanings and parts of the sounds of two or more words. English examples include smog, coined by blending smoke and fog, and motel, from motor (motorist) and hotel. The term "portmanteau", derived from the French porte-manteau, literally is a two-part piece of luggage that was first applied metaphorically in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass (1871) to describe the combination of words.

Classification
Blends of two or more words may be classified from each of three viewpoints: morphotactic, morphonological, and morphosemantic. Morphotactic classification Blends may be classified morphotactically into two kinds: total and partial. Commonly for English blends, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another: • breakfast + lunchbrunch Much less commonly in English, the beginning of one word may be followed by the beginning of another: • teleprinter + exchangetelex clipping compounds or clipped compounds. Unusually in English, the end of one word may be followed by the end of another: • Red Bull + margaritabullgarita Partial blends In a partial blend, one entire word is concatenated with a splinter from another. An entire word may be followed by a splinter: • fan + magazinefanzinedumb + confounddumbfound and classed among intercalative blends. There may be an overlap that is both phonological and orthographic, but with no other shortening: • anecdote + dotageanecdotagepicture + dictionarypictionarybeef + buffalobeefalo It can occur with three components: • camisade + cannibalism + ballisticscamibalisticsmeander + Neanderthal + talemeandertale) An orthographic overlap need not also be phonological: • smoke + fogsmog Non-overlapping blends Non-overlapping blends (also called substitution blends) have no overlap, whether phonological or orthographic: • California + MexicoCalexico explains gakhlilít. Since he is attempting to provide etymology, his description might be misleading if one agrees that Hayyim Nahman Bialik had blending in mind." "There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár 'bank clerk, teller'. The first is that it consists of (Hebrew>) Israeli כסף késef 'money' and the (International/Hebrew>) Israeli agentive suffix ר- -ár. The second is that it is a quasi-portmanteau word which blends כסף késef 'money' and (Hebrew>) Israeli ספר √spr 'count'. Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one, the final syllable ר- -ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix ר- -år (probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Mocher Sforim's coinage סמרטוטר smartutár 'rag-dealer'." Lexical selection Blending may occur with an error in lexical selection, the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to the use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious." The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than phonological similarities, and the morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable. ==Use==
Use
Some languages, like Japanese, encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke, a combination of the Japanese word kara (meaning empty) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutora, ), is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. The Vietnamese language also encourages blend words formed from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. For example, the term Việt Cộng is derived from the first syllables of "Việt Nam" (Vietnam) and "Cộng sản" (communist). Many corporate brand names, trademarks, and initiatives, and names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, Wiktionary, one of Wikipedia's sister projects, is a blend of wiki and dictionary. ==Origin of the term portmanteau==
Origin of the term portmanteau
Terminological history In France According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD), the etymology of the word is the French , from , "to carry", and , "overcoat" (from Old French , from Latin ). According to the OED Online, the etymology of the word is the "officer who carries the mantle of a person in a high position (1507 in Middle French), case or bag for carrying clothing (1547), clothes rack (1640)". In Encyclopedia, or a Reasoned Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts (1765), in Classical French language, and wrote, In the 18th century France, were considered a structure within wardrobes or closets, or attached to a wall, for hanging clothes, hats, and coats. Derivation in the English language A portmanteau (luggage) was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. According to the OED Online, a portmanteau is a "case or bag for carrying clothing and other belongings when travelling; (originally) one of a form suitable for carrying on horseback; (now esp.) one in the form of a stiff leather case hinged at the back to open into two equal parts". where Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of unusual words used in "Jabberwocky". Slithy means "slimy and lithe" and mimsy means "miserable and flimsy". Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways, comparing it to the then-common type of luggage, which opens into two equal parts: In his introduction to his 1876 poem The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll again uses portmanteau when discussing lexical selection: Terminology preference Portmanteau and blend The term "portmanteau word" was retained by literary scholars and "widely imposed itself" in Anglo-Saxon literature. Linguists such as Pound (1914), Berman (1961), Adams (1973), and Bryant (1973–74), preferred "blend". Lexicographers also identify such words as "blends". Mot-valise Referring at some point to "the two-part envelope containing the horse rider's pack", the old French word "portemanteau" lost its meaning when it was derived and exported into English as "portmanteau". Author and linguist Almuth Grésillon wrote that the French term (: word) "risked not evoking even the vague idea that Carroll had sketched". Thus, the term "mot-valise" (), and not "portmanteau", is used in France to designate a word formed by the merging of other words. ==Examples in English==
Examples in English
'' pictured in an 1812 cartoon. The word is a portmanteau of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry's name with salamander. Many neologisms are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon. In 1964, the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name. Similarly Eurasia is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia. Some city names are portmanteaus of the border regions they straddle: Texarkana spreads across the Texas-Arkansas-Louisiana border, while Calexico and Mexicali are respectively the American and Mexican sides of a single conurbation. A scientific example is a liger, which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger (a tigon is a similar cross in which the male is a tiger). A more modern blend of ‘Cat’ and ‘Rabbit’ was founded 2023 on X (formerly known as Twitter) to describe a circulating image of a mix between the two, producing the word ‘Cabbit’. Many company or brand names are portmanteaus, including Microsoft, a portmanteau of microcomputer and software; the cheese Cambozola combines a similar rind to Camembert with the same mould used to make Gorgonzola; passenger rail company Amtrak, a portmanteau of America and track; Velcro, a portmanteau of the French (velvet) and (hook); Verizon, a portmanteau of (Latin for truth) and horizon; Viacom, a portmanteau of Video and Audio communications, and ComEd (a Chicago-area electric utility company), a portmanteau of Commonwealth and Edison. Jeoportmanteau! is a recurring category on the American television quiz show Jeopardy! The category's name is itself a portmanteau of the words Jeopardy and portmanteau. Responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together. Portmanteau words may be produced by joining proper nouns with common nouns, such as "gerrymandering", which refers to the scheme of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry for politically contrived redistricting; the perimeter of one of the districts thereby created resembled a very curvy salamander in outline. The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms bjelkemander and playmander. Oxbridge is a common portmanteau for the UK's two oldest universities, those of Oxford and Cambridge. In 2016, Britain's planned exit from the European Union became known as "Brexit". The word refudiate was famously used by Sarah Palin when she misspoke, conflating the words refute and repudiate. Though the word was a gaffe, it was recognized as the New Oxford American Dictionarys "Word of the Year" in 2010. The business lexicon includes words like "advertainment" (advertising as entertainment), "advertorial" (a blurred distinction between advertising and editorial), "infotainment" (information about entertainment or itself intended to entertain by its manner of presentation), and "infomercial" (informational commercial). Company and product names may also use portmanteau words: examples include Timex (a portmanteau of Time [referring to Time magazine] and Kleenex), Renault's Twingo (a combination of twist, swing and tango), and Garmin (portmanteau of company founders' first names Gary Burrell and Min Kao). "Desilu Productions" was a Los Angeles–based company jointly owned by actor couple Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball. Miramax is the combination of the first names of the parents of the Weinstein brothers. Name-meshing Given names may originate as portmanteaux. For example, Cheryl may be a combination of chérie and Beryl. The name Jalen originated with Jalen Rose as a combination of James and Leonard. Jonathan Swift created the nickname Vanessa for Esther (Essa) Vanhomrigh. Marlene Dietrich, born Marie Magdalene, combined her names. Two names can also be used in creating a portmanteau word in reference to the partnership between people, especially in cases where both persons are well-known, or sometimes to produce epithets such as "Billary" (referring to former United States president Bill Clinton and his wife, former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton). In this example of recent American political history, the purpose for blending is not so much to combine the meanings of the source words but "to suggest a resemblance of one named person to the other"; the effect is often derogatory, as linguist Benjamin Zimmer states. For instance, Putler is used by critics of Vladimir Putin, merging his name with Adolf Hitler. By contrast, the public, including the media, use portmanteaus to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to "...giv[e] people an essence of who they are within the same name." This is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real-life "supercouples". An early known example, Bennifer, referred to film stars Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez. Other examples include Brangelina (Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie) and TomKat (Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes). Holidays are another example, as in Thanksgivukkah, a portmanteau neologism given to the convergence of the American holiday of Thanksgiving and the first day of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah on Thursday, 28 November 2013. Chrismukkah is another pop-culture portmanteau neologism popularized by the TV drama The O.C., a merging of the holidays of Christianity's Christmas and Judaism's Hanukkah. and Compton, California, to form "Wiscompton". In the Disney film Big Hero 6, the film is situated in a fictitious city called "San Fransokyo", which is a portmanteau of two real locations, San Francisco and Tokyo. ==Other languages==
Other languages
Modern Hebrew Modern Hebrew abounds with blending. Along with CD, or simply (), Hebrew has the blend (), which consists of ( 'phonograph record') and ( 'light'). Other blends in Hebrew include the following: • ( 'smog'), from ( 'fog') and ( 'soot') • ( 'pedestrian-only street'), from ( 'sidewalk') and ( 'street') • ( 'musical'), from ( 'theatre play') and ( 'singing [gerund]') • ( 'lighthouse'), from ( 'tower') and ( 'light') • ( 'rhinoceros'), from ( 'horn') and ( 'nose') • ( 'traffic light'), from ( 'indication') and ( 'light') • ( 'thong bikini'), from ( 'string') and ( 'bikini') Sometimes the root of the second word is truncated, giving rise to a blend that resembles an acrostic: • ( 'orange [fruit]'), from ( 'apple') and ( 'gold') • ( 'potato'), from ( 'apple') and ( 'soil, earth'), but the full ( 'apple of the soil, apple of the earth') is more common Irish A few portmanteaus are in use in modern Irish, for example: • Brexit is referred to as (from 'Britain' and 'leave') or (from 'England' and 'out') • The resignation of Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) Frances Fitzgerald was referred to as (from 'goodbye' and ) • , an Irish-language preschool (from 'infants' and 'band') • The Irish translation of A Game of Thrones refers to Winterfell castle as (from 'winter' and 'exposed to winds') • (from English jail and 'Irish-speaking region'): the community of Irish-speaking republican prisoners. Icelandic There is a tradition of linguistic purism in Icelandic, and neologisms are frequently created from pre-existing words. For example, 'computer' is a portmanteau of 'digit, number' and 'oracle, seeress'. Indonesian In Indonesian, portmanteaus and acronyms are very common in both formal and informal usage. A common use of a portmanteau in the Indonesian language is to refer to locations and areas of the country. For example, Jabodetabek is a portmanteau that refers to the Jakarta metropolitan area or Greater Jakarta, which includes the regions of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi). Malaysian In the Malaysian national language of Bahasa Melayu, the word '''''' was constructed out of three Malay words for evil (), stupid () and arrogant () to be used on the worst kinds of community and religious leaders who mislead naive, submissive and powerless folk under their thrall. Japanese A very common type of portmanteau in Japanese forms one word from the beginnings of two others (that is, from two back-clippings). The portion of each input word retained is usually two morae, which is tantamount to one kanji in most words written in kanji. The inputs to the process can be native words, Sino-Japanese words, gairaigo (later borrowings), or combinations thereof. A Sino-Japanese example is the name for the University of Tokyo, in full . With borrowings, typical results are words such as , meaning personal computer (PC), which despite being formed of English elements does not exist in English; it is a uniquely Japanese contraction of the English . Another example, , is a contracted form of the English words and . A famous example of a blend with mixed sources is , blending the Japanese word for and the Greek word . The Japanese fad of egg-shaped keychain pet toys from the 1990s, Tamagotchi, is a portmanteau combining the two Japanese words , and . The portmanteau can also be seen as a combination of , and . Some titles also are portmanteaus, such as Hetalia (). It came from (, 'idiot') and (, 'Italy'). Another example is Servamp, which came from the English words and . Portuguese In Brazilian Portuguese, portmanteaus are usually slang, including: • , from 'female singer' and 'actress', which defines women that both sing and act. • , from 'annoy' and 'teenager', which is a pejorative term for teenagers. • , from 'neck' and 'slap', which defines a slap on the back of the neck. In European Portuguese, portmanteaus are also used. Some of them include: • 'mobile phone' comes from 'telephone' and 'mobile'. • 'singer-songwriter' comes from 'singer' and 'songwriter'. Spanish Although traditionally uncommon in Spanish, portmanteaus are increasingly finding their way into the language, mainly for marketing and commercial purposes. Examples in Mexican Spanish include from combining 'coffee shop' and 'bookstore', or 'telethon' from combining and . Portmanteaus are also frequently used to make commercial brands, such as "chocolleta" from "chocolate" + "galleta". They are also often used to create business company names, especially for small, family-owned businesses, where owners' names are combined to create a unique name (such as Rocar, from "Roberto" + "Carlos", or Mafer, from "María" + "Fernanda"). These usages help to create distinguishable trademarks. It is a common occurrence for people with two names to combine them into a single nickname, like Juanca for Juan Carlos, Or Marilú for María de Lourdes. Other examples: • 'singer-songwriter', from 'singer' and 'songwriter'. • and , two neologisms that are blends of 'mechanical' with 'electronics', and 'office' with 'informatics' respectively. • , interlanguage that combines words from both Spanish () and English. • , blend of 'subway' and . • , blend of 'car' and 'road, tracks'. • Company names and brands with portmanteaus are common in Spanish. Some examples of Spanish portmanteaus for Mexican companies include: The Mexican flag carrier Aeroméxico, (Aerovías de México), Banorte (Bank and North), Cemex (Cement and Mexico), Jumex (Jugos Mexicanos or Mexican Juice), Mabe (from founders Egon MAbardi and Francisco BErrondo), Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos or Mexican Oil), Softtek (portmanteau and stylization of Software and technology), and Telmex (Teléfonos de Mexico). Gamesa (Galletera Mexicana, S.A. or Mexican Biscuit Company, Inc.) and Famsa (fabricantes Muebleros, S.A.) are examples of portmanteaus of four words, including the "S.A." (Sociedad Anónima). • Many more portmanteaus in Spanish come from Anglicisms, which are words borrowed from English, like , , , , , and A somewhat popular example in Spain is the word , a portmanteau of 'cockerel and elephant'. It was the prize on the Spanish version of the children TV show ''Child's Play'' () that ran on the public television channel of (TVE) from 1988 to 1992. ==Portmanteau morph==
Portmanteau morph
In linguistics, a blend is an amalgamation or fusion of independent lexemes, while a portmanteau or portmanteau morph is a single morph that is analyzed as representing two (or more) underlying morphemes. For example, in the Latin word , the ending is a portmanteau morph because it is an unanalysable combination of two morphemes: a morpheme for the singular number and one for the genitive case. In English, two separate morphs are used: of an animal. Other examples include and . ==See also==
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