G.M.Tamás writes that "post-fascism is not unique to Central Europe. Far from it", although. its appearance in Germany, Austria, and Hungary "are important, for historical reasons."
Italy The
Italian Social Movement (, MSI) was a
neo-fascist political party established in Italy in 1946 by former members of the
National Fascist Party and the
Republican Fascist Party. Despite being an explicitly fascist party, the MSI included a post-fascist faction headed by
Arturo Michelini and
Alfredo Covelli, who favoured political cooperation with moderate conservative parties, such as the
Christian Democracy, the
Monarchist National Party and the
Italian Liberal Party. In 1977, a moderate faction of the MSI led by Covelli split away and established
National Democracy (, DN), the first real post-fascist party in Italy. Covelli attempted to create an alliance between DN and the Christian Democracy, but electoral results were very poor and DN was eventually disbanded in 1979. The MSI eventually repudiated fascism in a party congress held in
Fiuggi in 1995, where the party voted to disband itself and transform into
National Alliance (, AN), a party which has been labeled by several scholars and journalists, including academic
Roger Griffin, as a "post-fascist" party. A minority faction in the MSI, led by
Pino Rauti, refused to abandon fascism and created a new party called
Social Movement Tricolour Flame. The right-wing party
Brothers of Italy (, FdI), which was established in 2012 by several former members of AN and currently leads the government of Italy, has also been described as a post-fascist party by several media reports, and academics.
Chile In 1938, the
National Falange party was founded, mainly by young, radicalised conservatives. The radical party's origins can be traced back to the rise of
left-wing and
far-left parties, mainly by discontent in their economic and social stances. The National Falange broke off from the Conservative Party. In 1957, National Falange merged with the Social Christian Party, the second party to secede from the
Conservative Party. This merger founded the
Christian Democratic Party, who advocated for staunch reforms economically, and socially.
Hungary While
Viktor Orbán,
Hungary's longest-serving prime minister, describes his ideology as "illiberalism", at least two observers (Isaac Stanley-Becker and Hungarian poet Renátó Fehér) prefer the term post fascism. In 2014, after Orban announced his plans for what he called an “illiberal state,” Tamás himself warned of Orban's danger, in an interview in which Tamás urged the public to read between the lines. Orban "told us that he will not be removed by elections,” Tamás declared, and predicted that “those who are against him must be prepared for the grimmest struggle.” == See also ==