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Vergina Sun

The Vergina Sun, also known as the Star of Vergina, Vergina Star or Argead Star, is a rayed solar symbol first appearing in ancient Greek art of the period between the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. The Vergina Sun proper has sixteen triangular rays, while comparable symbols of the same period variously have sixteen, twelve, eight or (rarely) six rays.

Antiquity
with an eight-pointed sun on his left shoulder. Side A of an Ancient Greek Attic red-figure belly-amphora, 500–490 BC, from Vulci, Italy. Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich, Germany. Early representations of the symbol go back to at least the 6th century BC, with hoplites depicted as bearing sixteen-pointed and eight-pointed sunburst symbols on their shields and armor, and the same symbols being represented on coins from both island and mainland Greece from at least the 5th century BC. The Iliad describes the first panoply of Achilles as having star motifs. During his excavations at Vergina, the site of the ancient Macedonian capital of Aegae, the archaeologist Manolis Andronikos found the symbol on the coffin (Golden Larnax) believed to belong to Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great. In the early 1980s, following the discovery of the larnax, there was some debate as to whether the symbol should be considered the "royal emblem" of the Argeads specifically. Αs Eugene Borza (1982) pointed out, the symbol was widely used in Hellenistic-era art, and Adams (1983) emphasized its use as a decorative element in ancient Greek art in general and that it cannot be said to represent either a "royal" or "national" emblem of Macedon exclusively. Gallery File:ایزد_بانو_آناهیتا_و_شیر_و_خورشید.jpg|Achaemenid seal, depicting Great King Artaxerxes II together with a radiant sun around the goddess Anahita in a lion and sun motif File:Silver coin of Mazaeus Satrap of Cilicia.jpg|Silver coin of Mazaeus, Persian satrap of Cilicia, minted in Myriandrus, 361–333 BC (circa) File:AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg|The sixteen-rayed "Vergina Sun" design on the "Cybele Plaque" from Ai Khanoum, Bactria (3rd century BC). The "sunburst" here represents a star, not the Sun, shown in a star and crescent configuration alongside Helios, who is shown separately in the form of a bust with a rayed halo of thirteen rays. File:Mithra (4684713252).jpg|A relief sculpture depicting Mithra with a radiate solar crown (Taq-e Bostan, ca. 4th century CE) File:Penrose-vergina-sun-propylaea-coffers.png|The Sun of Vergina (right) ornamenting the coffers of the Propylaea of the Athens Acropolis File:Stele Aristionos.JPG|A drawing of the "Stele of Aristion", from the collections of Harvard University, 1894. Funerary stele of an Athenian hoplite (Aristion) having a sixteen-pointed Vergina sun symbol on his right shoulder, c. 520 BC. Relief at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens. File:Exekias, anfora con achille e aiace che giocano a dai, castore e polluce, da vulci, 540-30 ac ca. 03.JPG|Achilles and Ajax playing a board game. Eight-pointed sun symbols are depicted on their cloaks. Amphora by Exekias, 6th century BC, Vatican Museum. File:Herakles Amazons MAR Palermo NI1897.jpg|Heracles fighting the Amazons. Attic black-figure lekythos, early 5th century BC, from Gela. An amazon bearing a Vergina sun symbol on her shield. Regional Archaeological Museum "Antonio Salinas", Palermo. File:Getty Villa - Storage jar with the Judgment of Paris (detail) - inv. 83.AE.10.jpg|A Vergina sun on Athena's shield. Pithos with the Judgment of Paris, from Athens (4th century BC). File:Pyrrhus Kingdom of Epirus.JPG|Ancient Greek coin of Pyrrhus, Kingdom of Epirus (r. 297–272 BC). An eight-pointed sun symbol before Athena's face. File:Cales Æ 2260022.jpg|Ancient Greek coin from Campania, Italy (3rd century BC). A Vergina sun symbol is depicted above the bull. File:Ancient megarian Cups depicting the Macedonian sunburst (3rd-2nd centuries BC).jpg|Ancient megarian cups depicting the sixteen-rayed Macedonian sunburst (3rd-2nd centuries BC) found in Ohrid, North Macedonia ==Modern reception==
Modern reception
Official status in Greece since February 1993, appears on the (unofficial) flag of Greek Macedonia. The symbol was introduced in Greece as popular imagery from the mid-1980s, and after 1991, increasingly so in many new contexts in Greece. The Vergina Sun was widely adopted by Greek Macedonians as a symbol of Greek Macedonia. The Vergina Sun on a blue background became commonly used as an official emblem of the three administrative regions, the prefectures and the municipalities of Greek Macedonia. It was used in official contexts on the reverse of the Greek 100 drachmas coin of 1990–2001, The symbol is placed on the bottom left corner of the Greek driving license, and on Greek passports, it forms the watermark image across pages 22 and 23. It is the emblem of the 3rd Greek Squadron of Control and Warning Station, of Greek Units for the Reinstatement of Order, the Greek First Army, the 193 Squadron of Multiple Missile Launchers and the 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade. In February 1993 the Greek parliament passed a bill designating the Vergina Sun as an official Greek national symbol. In July 1995, Greece lodged a claim for trademark protection of the Vergina Sun as an official state emblem under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). North Macedonia between 1992 and 1995 In North Macedonia, the symbol is known as Sun of Kutleš (). In 1992, Todor Petrov proposed the Vergina Sun as the national symbol of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia). The symbol was adopted by the newly independent country in the same year, displaying it on its new flag. This lasted until 1995, when the Republic of Macedonia was forced to modify its flag by Greece. The decision in the Republic of Macedonia caused controversy both within the republic and outside it in its relations with Greece. The republic's large Albanian minority complained that it was an ethnic Macedonian symbol and was not suitable for a multi-ethnic state. The symbol was removed from the flag of the Republic of Macedonia as part of an agreement to establish diplomatic and economic relations between the two sides, In early August 2017, the Macedonian consul in Toronto, Canada, Jovica Palashevski, sparked a diplomatic incident between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece, when he delivered a speech against the backdrop of an irredentist map of Greater Macedonia and a red Vergina Sun flag. After strong Greek protests, the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Macedonia condemned the incident and recalled its diplomat back to Skopje for consultations. Toni Deskoski, Macedonian professor of International Law and member of the legal team that represented the Republic of Macedonia in the naming dispute with Greece before the International Court of Justice in the Hague for violation of the Interim Accord, argues that the Vergina Sun is not a Macedonian symbol but it is a Greek symbol that is used by Macedonians in the nationalist context of Macedonism and that the Macedonians need to get rid of it. Private use Greece and Greek Macedonian diaspora , along with the European flag and the flag of Greece Outside of official usage, the symbol was also used in the logo of the Thessaloniki-based Makedonia television station, and of the former Bank of Macedonia-Thrace. An eight-point sun is the logo of Thessaloniki International Film Festival, the logo of the Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai (Vergina) and part of the logo of Greek Parliament party Greek Solution. A six-pointed Vergina sun is the logo of the Thessaloniki-based Vergina television station. A sixteen-pointed sun appears on Municipality of Chalkidona coat of arms in Thessaloniki region unit, on Municipalities of Veria, Kassandra in Chalkidiki and Almopia coat of arms, on Panserraikos F.C. logo which is a professional first division club from Serres, on Makedonikos FC () logo which is a Greek professional football club based in Neapoli, on ASF ALEXANDRIAS, A.S MAKEDONAS and G.A.S ALEXANDRIAS in Imathia, on Makedonikos Foufas F.C. in Kozani, on MAS VERGINA FC, on Philippos Alexandreia F.C. in Imathia, on Megas Alexandros BC in Leptokarya, on VERGINA BC in Kalamaria, on A.E Evosmos F.C, Macedonia Efkarpia F.C, on Megas Alexandros Eleonas F.C and on Heidelberg United FC based in the northern Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg West, Victoria, Australia. A seven-pointed sun is the logo of Thessaloniki-based political party EPOS. A sixteen-pointed sun was the logo of Athens-based political party Patriotic Union (). It is also used by organisations of the Greek Macedonian diaspora, such as the Pan-Macedonian Association, as well as by numerous commercial enterprises and in Greek Macedonian demonstrations. In 2023, it was reported that the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece ruled that a political party may not use the symbol as a party emblem. North Macedonia and ethnic Macedonian diaspora In North Macedonia, the municipality of Makedonska Kamenica still displays it on its municipal flag. A similar choice was made by the municipality of Liqenas in neighbouring Albania, which has a Macedonian population. The symbol is also used by other ethnic Macedonian minority groups in neighbouring countries and by diaspora organisations. In Canada, a Macedonian advocacy group called United Macedonians Organization uses a stylized version of the sun as part of its logo and makes extensive use of the red Vergina Sun flag. In 2018, IP Australia, the agency of the Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science responsible for administering the intellectual property rights in Australia, denied the World Macedonian Congress the right of registering and using the Vergina Sun on its trademark, citing the Paris Convention which recognizes the emblem as a national symbol of Greece. In 2026, an ethnic Macedonian community group in Melbourne was not allowed to parade with the Vergina Sun flag at the 2026 Moomba Festival, as the City of Melbourne had banned the display of cultural flags. Aromanians An eight-pointed version of the Vergina Sun has been used by some members of the stateless Balkan ethnic group of the Aromanians. According to University of Warwick professor Tom Winnifrith, some houses in Kruševo (), a town in North Macedonia with a substantial Aromanian population, use star patterns resembling the Vergina Sun. Some Aromanians claim heritage from the Ancient Macedonians. In a session held on early July 2019, the government of North Macedonia announced the complete removal of the Vergina Sun from all public areas, institutions and monuments in the country, with the deadline for its removal being set to 12 August 2019, in line with the Prespa Agreement. ==See also==
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