Prince du sang

Under the House of Capet of France, the monarchy was feudal, and the younger sons and grandsons of kings did not have rights or precedence based on their royal descent. Feudal titles determined rank. Under Philip Augustus, the Duke of Burgundy, a peer of France, could be reckoned to be mightier than the Count of Dreux, a "baron of the second rank", even though the latter was a paternal cousin of the king, while the former was only a distant agnate. In the feudal era, the agnates of the king held no special status, because agnatic primogeniture had not yet received its sanction as the law governing the succession to the French throne. Following the Valois succession, the agnates of the king, being "capable of the crown", rose in prominence. New peerages were created for the king's agnates, and for a long time this continued to be so, before the peerage was extended to non-royalty. Over time, the dignity of a peer, which was feudal in nature, and the dignity of a prince of the blood, which was dynastic in nature, clashed. Non-royal peers and princes of the blood who were peers constantly competed for precedence. As the royal line contracted, each prince of the blood gained greater prominence. Finally, in 1576, King Henry III of France issued an edict, to counter the growing power of the House of Guise, which made the princes of the blood supreme over the peerage, and amongst themselves, the closer in the line of succession would outrank the more distant, without regard to the actual title that they held. ==As a rank==

In France, the rank of prince du sang was the highest held at court after the immediate family of the king during the ancien régime and the Bourbon Restoration. The rank of prince du sang or princesse du sang was restricted to legitimate agnates of the Capetian dynasty who were not members of the immediate family of the king. Originating in the 14th century, male princes du sang came to be recognized as entitled to seats on the Conseil du Roi and the Parlement de Paris, to precedence above all peers and to precedence among each other according to their respective places in the order of succession. During the last century of the reign of the House of Valois, when religious strife brought forth rivals for the throne, prince du sang became restricted in use to refer to dynasts who were distant members of the royal family (i.e., those who were not children or grandchildren in the male line of a French king and, as such, entitled to specific, higher rank of their own as enfants and petits-enfants de France). ==Styles==

Those who held this rank were usually styled by their main ducal peerage, but sometimes other titles were used, indicating a more precise status than prince du sang. The most senior princes used specific styles such as monsieur le prince or monsieur le duc, whereas the junior princes used the style monseigneur followed by their noble title, such as monseigneur le duc de Montpensier. The style Serene Highness (altesse sérénissime) was used in writing only. ==Monsieur le Prince==

Monsieur le Prince was the style of the First Prince of the Blood (), which normally belonged to the most senior (by agnatic primogeniture) male member of the royal dynasty who was not in the present king's line, neither a fils de France ("son of France", i.e. of the King or the Dauphin") nor a petit-fils de France ("grandson of France", son of a fils de France). As his descent from a prior monarch went back generations, in practice, it was not always clear who was entitled to the rank and thus succession to the throne should the main line fail, and it often took a specific act of the king to make the determination. The rank carried with it various privileges, including the right to a household paid out of state revenues. The rank was held for life: the birth of a new, more senior prince who qualified for the position did not deprive the current holder of his use of the style. The Princes of Condé used the style of Monsieur le Prince for over a century (1589–1709). The right to use the style passed to the House of Orléans in 1709; however, they seldom if ever used it. The title should theoretically have passed in 1752 to Prince Philip, Duke of Calabria, the first great-grandson of the Grand Dauphin that was neither a fils de France nor a petit-fils de France; however, Louis XV left the title to the House of Orléans rather than to the Spanish branch of the Bourbons, which had renounced its right to succeed to the French throne by the Treaty of Utrecht. This meant that Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans in the late 18th century, was the First Prince of the Blood immediately before the French Revolution, entitling him to sit on various bodies, such as the 1787 Assembly of Notables, which he used as a platform to advocate liberal reforms. First Princes of the Blood, 1465–1830 ==Madame la Princesse==

This style was held by the wife of Monsieur le Prince. The duchesses/princesses that were entitled to use it were1646–1686: Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé (1628–1694). Niece of Cardinal Richelieu and wife of the Grand Condé, she was also the Duchess of Fronsac in her own right from 1646 to 1674. • 1684–1709: Anna Henrietta Julia of Bavaria (1648–1723). She was the daughter of Anna Gonzaga and her husband Charles I, Duke of Mantua. In 1663 she married Henry Jules, Duke of Bourbon the son and heir of the Grand Condé. Anne Henriette was the mother of Louis III, Prince of Condé and Madame la Princesse de Conti Seconde Douairière • 1709–1723: Françoise-Marie de Bourbon (1677–1749) – wife of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans • 1724–1726: Margravine Auguste Marie Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726) – wife of Louis of Orléans • 1743–1759: Louise Henriette de Bourbon – daughter of Madame la Princesse de Conti Dernière Douairière and wife of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans • 1785–1793: Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon (1753–1821); wife of Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans. She was the last holder of the style before the outbreak of the French Revolution. File:Undated engraved portrait of Anne de Bavière by Marguerite Van der Mael.jpg|Anne Henriette of Bavaria File:Portrait painting of Françoise Marie de Bourbon, later Duchess of Orléans by François de Troy.jpg|Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, did not use the style as her husband did not. File:Louise Henriette de Bourbon (1726–1759), depicted as the goddess Hebe by Nattier (Metropolitan Museum of Art).jpg|Louise Henriette de Bourbon, mother of Philippe Égalité File:Portrait of Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon by Vigée Lebrun.jpg|Madame la Princesse – wife of Philippe Égalité. ==Monsieur le Duc==

This style was used for the eldest son of the Prince de Condé. Originally, the eldest son was given the title of ''Duc d'Enghien, but that changed in 1709 when the Condés lost the rank of premier prince. After that, the eldest son was often given the courtesy title of Duc de Bourbon, which had been granted to le Grand Condé, and his eldest son was then given the title of duc d'Enghien''. • 1689–1709: Henri I, Duke of Enghien (1643–1709); • 1709–1710: Louis I, Duke of Enghien (1668–1710); • 1710–1740: Louis II Henri, Duke of Enghien (1692–1740); • 1740–1818: Louis III Joseph, Duke of Enghien (1736–1818); • 1818–1830: Louis IV Henri, Duke of Enghien (1756–1830). File:Le Grand Condé with his son Henri Jules, Duke of Enghien (future Prince of Condé) by Claude Lefèbvre.jpg|le Grand Condé with his son Henri I, Duke of Enghien File:1694 Portrait of Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé from the workshop of Rigaud (Versailles).jpg|Monsieur le Duc File:Louis IV Henri de Bourbon-Conde.jpg|Monsieur le Duc as son of Louis III, Prince of Condé ==Madame la Duchesse==

This style was used for the wife of Monsieur le Duc. The most famous holder of this honorific was: • 1685–1709: Louise-Françoise de Bourbon (1673–1743) – The illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV and his mistress, Madame de Montespan, she was married in May 1685, to Louis III, Prince of Condé, then known by the courtesy title of duc de Bourbon. Since his style at court was Monsieur le Duc, she became known as Madame la Duchesse. She later held onto the style even in her widowhood when she was the Princess of Condé. She was later known as Madame la Duchesse Douairière. Others included: • 1713–1720: Marie Anne de Bourbon (1689–1720) – first wife of Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon; • 1728–1741: Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg (1714–1741) second wife of the Duke of Bourbon; • 1753–1760: Charlotte Élisabeth Godefride de Rohan (1737–1760) – wife of Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé • 1770–1818: Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans (1750–1820) – wife of the last Prince of Condé. File:Louise francoise bourbon.jpg|Madame la Duchesse. She was the wife of Monsieur le Duc File:Gobert, attributed - Marie Anne de Bourbon, Princess of Condé - Versailles, MV3758.jpg|Marie Anne, Princess of Condé; Madame la Duchesse due to the Condé loss of Mme la Princesse to the House of Orléans File:Bathilde d'Orléans, duchesse de Bourbon.gif|Bathilde d'Orléans ==Monsieur le Comte==

This address was used by the head of the most junior branch of the House of Bourbon, the comte de Soissons. The comtes de Soissons, like the Princes of Conti, descended from the Princes of Condé. The line started in 1566 when the Soissons title was given to Charles de Bourbon, the second son of Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé, the first Prince of Condé. The first Prince had three sons: • Henri de Bourbon, second Prince of Condé; • Charles de Bourbon, first Count of Soissons and the founder of the House of Bourbon-Soissons • François de Bourbon, Prince de Conti, first Prince of Conti but the Conti title lapsed upon his death in 1614 without legitimate heirs. It was later revived in 1629 for Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti, the second son of Henry II, Prince of Condé. The Soissons title was acquired by the first Prince of Condé in 1557 and was held by his descendants for two more generations: • Charles, Count of Soissons • Louis, Count of Soissons File:CharlesdeBourbonComtedeSoissonCustos.jpg|Charles de Bourbon, Count of Soissons File:Engraving of Louis de Bourbon (1604-1641), Count of Soissons by Matthäus Merian (1).png|Louis de Bourbon, Count of Soissons File:Olympia Mancini by Mignard.png|Olympia Mancini, known as Madame la Comtesse at court The 2nd Count of Soissons died without an heir, so the Soissons title passed to his younger sister, Marie de Bourbon, the wife of Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano, a member of the House of Savoy. She became known as Madame la comtesse de Soissons. On her death, the title passed first to her second son, Prince Joseph-Emmanuel of Savoy-Carignan (1631–1656), and then to her third son, Prince Eugène-François of Savoy-Carignan. He married Olympia Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin. She was known as Madame la Comtesse de Soissons like her mother-in-law. On his death, the title went to his eldest son, Prince Louis-Thomas, who was the older brother of the famous Austrian general, Prince Eugene of Savoy. The Soissons title became extinct upon the death of Prince Eugène-Jean of Savoy-Carignan in 1734. ==Madame la Comtesse==

This style was used by the wife of Monsieur le Comte. The best example of this is Olympia Mancini. ==Madame la Princesse Douairière==

In order to tell the wives of the various Princes of Conti apart after their deaths, the widows were given the name of Douairière (or dowager) and a number corresponding to when they lost their husband. After being widowed their full style would be ''Madame la Princesse de Conti 'number' Douairière''. Between 1727 and 1732, there were three widowed Princesses de Conti. They were: • Marie Anne de Bourbon (1666–1739), the legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and Louise de La Vallière; she was the wife of Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti. She was known as Madame la Princesse de Conti Première Douairière as she was the first to be widowed, in 1685. The title went to her husband's younger brother, François Louis, Prince of Conti. • Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (1666–1732), the wife of François Louis, Prince of Conti; she was known as Madame la Princesse de Conti Seconde Douairière after losing her husband in 1709. • Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon (1693–1775), the wife of Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti, the son and successor of François Louis, Prince of Conti. She was the daughter of Monsieur le Duc and Madame la Duchesse. After her husband died in 1727, she was known as Madame la Princesse de Conti Troisième/Dernière Douairière. This was not a traditional style by right but was simply a means the court used to distinguish between the three widows who held the title of Princesse de Conti at the same time. File:Mademoiselle de Blois (Marie Anne de Bourbon, 1666-1739) by François de Troy.jpg|Madame la Princesse de Conti Première Douairière File:Pierre Mignard portrait painting of Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (1666-1732), Princess of Conti.jpg|Madame la Princesse de Conti Seconde Douairière File:Portrait of Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon (1693-1775), Princess of Conti by Pierre Gobert.jpg|Madame la Princesse de Conti Dernière Douairière ==Legitimised royal offspring==

Legitimised children of the King of France, and of other males of his dynasty, took surnames according to the branch of the House of Capet to which their father belonged, e.g. Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine, was the elder son of Louis XIV by his mistress, Madame de Montespan. After the legitimisation occurred, the child was given a title. Males were given titles from their father's lands and estates and females were given the style of Mademoiselle de X. Examples of this are (children of Louis XIV and Mme de Montespan): • Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1669–1672); and Mademoiselle de Nantes, two legitimised daughters of Louis XIV and Mme de Montespan, with an enslaved Black attendant • Louis-Auguste de Bourbon (1670–1736), titled duc du Maine – later married Anne-Louise-Bénédicte de Bourbon-Condé. • Louis César de Bourbon (1672–1683), titled comte de Vexin; • Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1673–1743), titled Mademoiselle de Nantes – later wife of Louis III de Bourbon-Condé, prince de Condé • Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon (1674–1681), titled Mademoiselle de Tours; • Françoise Marie de Bourbon (1677–1749), titled Mademoiselle de Blois – wife of Philippe II d'Orléans, ''duc d'Orléans''. • Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon (1678–1737), titled comte de Toulouse – later married to Marie Victoire de Noailles. Also the child would be referred to as Légitimé de Bourbon or de France. The feminine version of this is Légitimée de Bourbon or de France. Notable examples such as Marie Anne légitimée de Bourbon, mademoiselle de Blois daughter of Louis XIV and Louise de La Vallière. Her full brother was Louis de Bourbon, later given the title of comte de Vermandois. ==Orléans-Longueville==

The branch of the ducs de Longueville, extinct in 1672 (1694), bore the surname ''d'Orléans'', as legitimised descendants of Jean, bâtard d'Orléans, the natural son of a Valois prince who held the appanage of Orléans before the Bourbons did. Non-legitimised natural children of royalty took whatever surname the king permitted, which might or might not be that of the dynasty. Children born out of wedlock to a French king or prince were never recognised as fils de France. However, if they were legitimised, the king might raise them to a rank just below or even equivalent to that of a prince du sang. ==See also==