Propylene oxide

Industrial production of propylene oxide starts from propylene. Two general approaches are employed, one involving chlorohydrin formation and the other involving oxidation. In 2005, about half of the world production was through chlorohydrin technology and one half via oxidation routes. The latter approach is growing in importance. Chlorohydrin route The traditional route proceeds via the conversion of propylene to propylene chlorohydrin according to the following simplified scheme: : The mixture of 1-chloro-2-propanol and 2-chloro-1-propanol then undergoes internal cyclization. For example: : Lime (calcium hydroxide) is often used to absorb the HCl. Oxidation of propylene The other general route to propylene oxide involves oxidation of propylene with an organic peroxide. The reaction follows this stoichiometry: :CH3CH=CH2 + RO2H → CH3CHCH2O + ROH The process is practiced with four hydroperoxides: • Hydrogen peroxide is the oxidant in the hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide (HPPO) process, catalyzed by a titanium-doped silicalite: • :C3H6 + H2O2 → C3H6O + H2O In principle, this process produces only water as a side product. In practice, some ring-opened derivatives of PO are generated. Propylene oxide is chiral building block that is commercially available in either enantiomeric form ((R)-(+) and (S)-(–)). The separated enantiomers can be obtained through a Co(III)-salen-catalyzed hydrolytic kinetic resolution of the racemic material. == Reactions ==

Like other epoxides, PO undergoes ring-opening reactions. With water, propylene glycol is produced. With alcohols, reactions, called hydroxylpropylation, analogous to ethoxylation occur. Grignard reagents add to propylene oxide to give secondary alcohols. Some other reactions of propylene oxide include: • Reaction with aluminium oxide at 250–260 °C leads to propionaldehyde and a little acetone. • Reaction with silver(I) oxide leads to acetic acid. • Reaction with sodium–mercury amalgam and water leads to isopropanol. ==Uses==

Between 60 and 70% of all propylene oxide is converted to polyether polyols by the process called alkoxylation. These polyols are building blocks in the production of polyurethane plastics. About 20% of propylene oxide is hydrolyzed into propylene glycol, via a process which is accelerated by acid or base catalysis. Another major products is propylene carbonate. Niche uses Fumigant The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of propylene oxide to pasteurize raw almonds beginning on September 1, 2007, in response to two incidents of contamination by Salmonella in commercial orchards, one incident occurring in Canada and one in the United States. Pistachio nuts can also be subjected to propylene oxide to control Salmonella. Microscopy Propylene oxide is commonly used in the preparation of biological samples for electron microscopy, to remove residual ethanol previously used for dehydration. In a typical procedure, the sample is first immersed in a mixture of equal volumes of ethanol and propylene oxide for 5 minutes, and then four times in pure oxide, 10 minutes each. Munition Propylene oxide is sometimes used in thermobaric munitions as the fuel in fuel–air explosives. In addition to the explosive damage from the blast wave, unexploded propylene oxide can cause additional effects from direct toxicity. ==Safety==

Propylene oxide is both acutely toxic and carcinogenic. Acute exposure causes respiratory tract irritation, eventually leading to death. Signs of toxicity after acute exposure include salivation, lacrimation, nasal discharge, gasping, lethargy and hypoactivity, weakness, and incoordination. Propylene oxide is also neurotoxic in rats, and presumably in humans. Propylene oxide alkylates DNA and is considered a mutagen for both animals and humans. Pregnant rats exposed to 500ppm of propylene oxide for less than 8 hours gave birth to litters with significant deformities and weight deficiencies. Similar exposure has also shown to reduce animal fertility. As such, it is a known animal carcinogen Propylene oxide is an extremely flammable liquid, and its vapors can form explosive mixtures with air at concentrations as low as 2.3% (Lower Explosive Limit). When heated, propylene oxide can rapidly self-polymerize and decompose producing other toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and various free radicals. ==Natural occurrence==

In 2016 it was reported that propylene oxide was detected in Sagittarius B2, a cloud of gas in the Milky Way weighing three million solar masses. It is the first chiral molecule to be detected in space, albeit with no enantiomeric excess. == References ==