Psalm 127

According to Jewish tradition, Psalm 127 was written by David and dedicated to his son Solomon, who would build the First Temple. According to Radak, verses 3–5, which reference "sons", express David's feelings about his son Solomon; according to Rashi, these verses refer to the students of a Torah scholar, who are called his "sons". but Christian theologian Albert Barnes noted that "in the Syriac Version, the title is, "From the Psalms of the Ascent; spoken by David concerning Solomon; it was spoken also of Haggai and Zechariah, who urged the rebuilding of the Temple". The Authorized Version describes the psalm as "a Song of degrees for Solomon", and Wycliffe's translators recognised both options. Isaac Gottlieb of Bar Ilan University suggests that the reference in verse 2 to "his beloved" () "recalls Solomon's other name, Yedidiah". ==Themes==

Charles Spurgeon calls Psalm 127 "The Builder's Psalm", noting the similarity between the Hebrew words for sons () and builders (). He writes:We are here taught that builders of houses and cities, systems and fortunes, empires and churches all labour in vain without the Lord; but under the divine favour they enjoy perfect rest. Sons, who are in the Hebrew called "builders", are set forth as building up families under the same divine blessing, to the great honour and happiness of their parents. Spurgeon also quotes the English preacher Henry Smith (1560–1591): "Well doth David call children 'arrows' [v. 4]; for if they be well bred, they shoot at their parents' enemies; and if they be evil bred, they shoot at their parents". == As part of the structure of the Psalms of Ascents ==

One Bible scholar, Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg, made the following observations of how Psalm 127 is the center of a delicate structure in the Psalms of Ascents, Psalms 120 to 134. The whole is grouped around Psalm 127, which was composed by Solomon, which stands in the middle between the first and the last of the pilgrim psalms. On each side there stands a group of seven Pilgrim psalms, consisting of two by David and five anonymous ones. Each group of seven contains the name Yahweh 24 times. == Translation ==

The translation of the psalm offers difficulties, especially in verses 2 and 4. Jerome, in a letter to Marcella (dated 384 AD), laments that Origen's notes on this psalm were no longer extant, and discusses the various possible translations of (KJV "bread of sorrows", after the of Vulgata Clementina; Jerome's own translation was , "bread of idols", following the Septuagint (LXX), and of (KJV "children of the youth", translated in LXX as "children of the outcast"). There are two possible interpretations of the phrase (KJV: "for so he giveth his beloved sleep"): The word "sleep" may either be the direct object (as in KJV, following LXX and Vulgate), or an accusative used adverbially, "in sleep", i.e. "while they are asleep". The latter interpretation fits the context of the verse much better, contrasting the "beloved of the Lord" who receive success without effort, as it were "while they sleep" with the sorrowful and fruitless toil of those not so blessed, a sentiment paralleled by Proverbs 10:22 (KJV "The blessing of the , it maketh rich, and he addeth no sorrow with it."). Keil and Delitzsch (1883) accept the reading of the accusative as adverbial, paraphrasing "God gives to His beloved in sleep, i.e., without restless self-activity, in a state of self-forgetful renunciation, and modest, calm surrender to Him". However, Alexander Kirkpatrick in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (1906) argues that while the reading "So he giveth unto his beloved in sleep" fits the context, the natural translation of the Hebrew text is still the one given by the ancient translators, suggesting that the Hebrew text as transmitted has been corrupted (which would make the LXX and Vulgate readings not so much "mistranslations" as correct translations of an already corrupted reading). English translations have been reluctant to emend the translation, due to the long-standing association of this verse with sleep being the gift of God. Abraham Cronbach (1933) refers to this as "one of those glorious mistranslations, a mistranslation which enabled Mrs. Browning to write one of the tenderest poems in the English language", referring to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poem The Sleep, which uses "He giveth his beloved Sleep" as the last line of each stanza. Keil and Delitzsch (1883) take , "to sit up", as confirmation for the assumption, also suggested by 1 Samuel 20:24, that the custom of the Hebrews before the Hellenistic period was to take their meals sitting up, and not reclining as was the Greco-Roman custom. == Uses ==

Judaism In Judaism, Psalm 127 is recited in some communities as part of the series of psalms read after the Shabbat afternoon service between Sukkot and Shabbat HaGadol. It is also recited as a prayer for protection of a newborn infant. Catholic Church Since the early Middle Ages, this psalm was traditionally recited or sung at the Office of None during the week, specifically from Tuesday until Saturday between Psalm 126 and Psalm 128, following the Rule of St. Benedict. In the current texts of the Liturgy of the Hours, Psalm 127 is recited at Vespers on the third Wednesday of the four-week liturgical cycle. It is also used at Second Vespers in the Common texts for the feasts of both the Blessed Virgin Mary and of all Holy Women. Coptic Orthodox Church In the Agpeya, the Coptic Church's book of hours, this psalm is prayed in the office of Vespers and the second watch of the Midnight office. Protestantism The pro-natalist Quiverfull movement invokes the less quoted latter part of the psalm, verses 3–5 concerning the blessings and advantages of numerous offspring, as one of the foundations for their stance and takes its name from the last verse ("Happy is the man that hath his of them [i.e. sons]"). == Musical settings ==

In Latin The Vulgate text of the psalm, , has been set to music many times, often as part of vespers services. Settings from the classical period use the text of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate of 1592, which groups ("as he gives sleep to those in whom he delights") with verse 3 rather than verse 2 (as opposed to Jerome's text, and most modern translations, grouping the phrase with verse 2). Notable compositions include: • Orlando di Lasso, a capella motet for five voices, (published in 1562). • Hans Leo Hassler, a capella motet, published in , 1591. • Giovanni Matteo Asola, a capella setting published in 1599. • Monteverdi's for a ten-part choir, part of (1610). • Giovanni Simone Mayr, motet for bass soloist and chorus. • Alessandro Grandi, motet with trombones and basso continuo, published in 1630 • Francesco Cavalli, setting for four parts and strings, published in Musiche Sacre Concernenti, Venice, (1656). • Giovanni Giacomo Arrigoni, motet , published in 1663 • Marc-Antoine Charpentier : • , grand motet for soloists, chorus, 2 treble instruments and continuo H.150 (? early 1670). • , grand motet for soloists, chorus and continuo H.160 - 160 a (? early 1670). • , motet for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments and continuo H.231 (date unknown). • Biber, cantata for 2 voices, violin and b.c. (after 1676). • Handel's , believed to have been written for a vespers service in 1707 • Henry Desmarest, grand motet (17..). • Jan Dismas Zelenka, motet ZWV 92, c. 1726. • Michel-Richard Delalande, grand motet S42 (1729). • Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville, grand motet (1743). • Antonio Vivaldi, two settings, RV 608 for strings and solo voice, and RV 803 for strings and choir, discovered among the "Galuppi" sacred works in the Saxon State and University Library Dresden in 2006. In German is a German metrical and rhyming paraphrase of the psalm by Johann Kolross, set to music by Luther (printed 1597) and by Hans Leo Hassler (). Adam Gumpelzhaimer used the first two lines for a canon, ("Where God to the house does not give his blessing / There toils every man in vain"). Heinrich Schütz composed a metred paraphrase of the psalm, "Wo Gott zum Haus nicht gibt sein Gunst", SWV 232, for the Becker Psalter, published first in 1628; He set , SWV 400, in 1650. In English • Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer (1900-1987) motet "Except the Lord Build the House" == ==

'''''' ("Without God, [it is] in vain") is a popular motto derived from the psalm's first verse, as an abbreviation of "Except the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it". It is often inscribed on buildings. It has been the motto in the coat of arms of the City of Edinburgh since 1647, and was the motto of the former Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea. It was similarly the motto of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, shared with Bishop Charles Inglis and his descendants. , South Africa. The Latin motto reads "nisi dominus frustra". It has been adopted as the motto for numerous schools in Great Britain, including King Edward VI High School, Stafford, Melbourn Village College, London, and as the insignia of Glenlola Collegiate School in Northern Ireland. Other schools with this motto are St Joseph's College, Dumfries, Villa Maria Academy (Malvern, Pennsylvania), Rickmansworth School (Nisi Dominus Aedificaverit), The Park School, Yeovil, Bukit Bintang Girls' School, Bukit Bintang Boys' Secondary School, St Thomas School, Kolkata, Kirkbie Kendal School, Richmond College, Galle, Mount Temple Comprehensive School, Dublin, Ireland, Durban Girls' College, Durban, South Africa, and Launceston Church Grammar School, Tasmania, Australia. The Aquitanian city of Agen takes as its motto the second verse of the psalm, : "Unless the Lord watches over the city, the guards stand watch in vain" (verse 1a, NIV version). Edinburgh Napier University, established in 1964, has "secularized" the city's motto to ("without knowledge/wisdom, all is in vain"). ==Text==

The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels, alongside the Koine Greek text in the Septuagint and the English translation from the King James Version. Note that the meaning can slightly differ between these versions, as the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text come from different textual traditions. In the Septuagint, this psalm is numbered Psalm 126. ==Notes==