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Flower chafer

Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on fruit. The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles, and flower scarabs. Around 4,000 species are known, but many of them are still undescribed.

Description
Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape. The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the mandibles and labra are hidden by the clypeus. The elytra lack a narrow, membranous margin and are truncated to expose the pygidium. The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal sternites with at least one exposed. The fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique. The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size. A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially the Cetoniini, is lateral emmargination of the elytra. Larvae are stout-bodied and very hairy with short legs. The head is partly covered by the prothorax. Each antenna has its apical segment as wide as the penultimate segment. The galea and lacinia are used to form a mala. The anal cleft is transverse. The mandible has a ventral stridulating area. The labrum is symmetrical with a deeply pigmented notch on each side of the midline. ==Biology==
Biology
Adult cetoniines are herbivorous, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap, and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae feed on soft fruit. while Spilophorus maculatus has been recorded feeding on Oxyrhachis tarandus nymphs and Hoplostomus fuligineus is known to feed on the brood of honey bees in South Africa and the pupae of the wasp Belonogaster petiolata. Campsiura javanica feeds on the larvae of Ropalidia montana in southern India. Cremastocheilus stathamae feeds on ants of the genus Myrmecocystus. In terms of movement, adults are considered some of the best flyers among beetles. They can hover above and land on flowers or fruit. When threatened by predators, they escape by either performing a rush take-off or by falling toward the ground and then flying before impact. Many cetoniines fly with their elytra closed, as their hindwings can unfold and slide out under the elytra during flight (due to the emmargination of the elytra). Larvae of some taxa can crawl on their backs using their tergal folds, which are covered in strong bristles. Others crawl on their legs. ==Systematics and taxonomy==
Systematics and taxonomy
'' ignicollis'' '' '' The following list contains the genera and subtribes in ten tribes of subfamily Cetoniinae, according to Catalogue of Life and Scarabaeidae of the World (2023). • Anagnathocera Arrow, 1922 • Anisorrhina Westwood, 1842 • Asthenorhella Westwood, 1874 • Asthenorhina Westwood, 1843 • Bietia Fairmaire, 1898 • Caelorrhina Hope, 1841 • Cheirolasia Westwood, 1842 • Chloresthia Fairmaire, 1905 • Chlorocala Kirby, 1828 • Chondrorrhina Kraatz, 1880 • Compsocephalus White, 1845 • Cosmiomorpha Saunders, 1852 • Cyphonocephalus Westwood, 1842 • Desfontainesia Alexis & Delpont, 1999 • Dicellachilus Waterhouse, 1905 • Dicheros Gory & Percheron, 1833 • Dicronorhina Hope, 1837 • Diphyllomorpha Hope, 1843 • Dymusia Burmeister, 1842 • Euchloropus Arrow, 1907 • Eudicella White, 1839 • Eutelesmus Waterhouse, 1880 • Gnathocera Kirby, 1825 • Gnorimimelus Kraatz, 1880 • Hemiheterorrhina Mikšić, 1974 • Herculaisia Seilliere, 1910 • Heterorhina Westwood, 1842 • Ingrisma Fairmaire, 1893 • Ischnoscelis Burmeister, 1842 • Jumnos Saunders, 1839 • Lansbergia Ritsema, 1888 • Lophorrhina Westwood, 1842 • Lophorrhinides Perissinotto, Clennell & Beinhundner, 2019 • Mawenzhena Alexis & Delpont, 2001 • Mecynorhina Hope, 1837 • Moseriana Ruter, 1965 • Mystroceros Burmeister, 1842 • Narycius Dupont, 1835 • Neomystroceros Alexis & Delpont, 1998 • Neophaedimus Lucas, 1870 • Neoscelis Schoch, 1897 • Pedinorrhina Kraatz, 1880 • Plaesiorrhina Westwood, 1842 • Petrovitzia Mikšić, 1965 • Priscorrhina Krikken, 1984 • Pseudodiceros Mikšić, 1974 • Pseudotorynorrhina Mikšić, 1967 • Ptychodesthes Kraatz, 1883 • Raceloma Thomson, 1877 • Rhamphorrhina Klug, 1855 • Rhinarion Ruter, 1965 • Rhomborhina Hope, 1837 • Scythropesthes Kraatz, 1880 • Smicorhina Westwood, 1847 • Spelaiorrhina Lansberge, 1886 • Stephanorrhina Burmeister, 1842 • Taurhina Burmeister, 1842 • Tmesorrhina Westwood, 1841 • Torynorrhina Arrow, 1907 • Trichoneptunides Legrand, 2001 • Trigonophorinus Pouillaude, 1913 • Trigonophorus Hope, 1831 ===Gymnetini=== Authority: Kirby, 1827 • Subtribe Blaesiina Schoch, 1895 • Blaesia Burmeister, 1842 • Halffterinetis Morón & Nogueira, 2007 • Subtribe Gymnetina Kirby, 1827 • Allorrhina Burmeister, 1842 • Amazula Kraatz, 1882 • Amithao Thomson, 1878 • Argyripa Thomson, 1878 • Astroscara Schürhoff, 1937 • Badelina Thomson, 1880 • Balsameda Thomson, 1880 • Chiriquibia Bates, 1889 • Clinteria Burmeister, 1842 • Clinteroides Schoch, 1898 • Cotinis Burmeister, 1842 - (Green June Beetles) • Desicasta Thomson, 1878 • Guatemalica Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 • Gymnephoria Ratcliffe, 2019 • Gymnetina Casey, 1915 • Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819 • Hadrosticta Kraatz, 1892 • Heterocotinis Martinez, 1948 • Hologymnetis Martinez, 1949 • Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 • Hoplopygothrix Schürhoff, 1933 • Howdenypa Arnaud, 1993 • Jansonia Schürhoff, 1937 • Macrocranius Schürhoff, 1935 • Madiana Ratcliffe & Romé, 2019 • Marmarina Kirby, 1827 • Neocorvicoana Ratcliffe & Mico, 2001 • Pseudoclinteria Kraatz, 1882 • Stethodesma Bainbridge, 1840 • Tiarocera Burmeister, 1842 ===Phaedimini=== Authority: Schoch, 1894 • Hemiphaedimus Mikšić, 1972 • Phaedimus Waterhouse, 1841 • Philistina MacLeay, 1838 • Theodosia Thomson, 1880 ===Schizorhinini=== Authority: Burmeister, 1842 • Subtribe Lomapterina Burmeister, 1842 • Agestrata Eschscholtz, 1829 • Ischiopsopha Gestro, 1874 • Lomaptera Gory & Percheron, 1833 • Macronota Hoffmannsegg, 1817 • Megaphonia Schürhoff, 1933 • Morokia Janson, 1905 • Mycterophallus Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 • Thaumastopeus Kraatz, 1885 • Subtribe Schizorhinina Burmeister, 1842 • Anacamptorrhina Blanchard, 1842 • Aphanesthes Kraatz, 1880 • Aurum Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2019 • Axillonia Krikken, 2018 • Bisallardiana Antoine, 2003 • Chalcopharis Heller, 1902 • Chlorobapta Kraatz, 1880 • Chondropyga Kraatz, 1880 • Clithria Burmeister, 1842 • Diaphonia Newman, 1840 • Dichrosoma Kraatz, 1885 • Digenethle Thomson, 1877 • Dilochrosis Thomson, 1878 • Eupoecila Burmeister, 1842 • Grandaustralis Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2013 • Hemichnoodes Kraatz, 1880 • Hemipharis Burmeister, 1842 • Kerowagia Delpont, 1996 • Lenosoma MacLeay, 1863 • Lyraphora Kraatz, 1880 • Macrotina Strand, 1934 • Metallesthes Kraatz, 1880 • Microdilochrosis Jákl, 2009 • Microlomaptera Kraatz, 1885 • Micropoecila Kraatz, 1880 • Navigator Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2016 • Neoclithria Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 • Neorrhina Thomson, 1878 • Octocollis Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2012 • Panglaphyra Kraatz, 1880 • Peotoxus Krikken, 1983 • Poecilopharis Kraatz, 1880 • Pseudoclithria Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 • Rigoutorum Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2022 • Schizorhina Kirby, 1825 • Schochidia Berg, 1898 • Stenopisthes Moser, 1913 • Storeyus Hasenpusch & Moeseneder, 2010 • Tafaia Valck Lucassens, 1939 • Tapinoschema Thomson, 1880 • Territonia Krikken, 2018 • Trichaulax Kraatz, 1880 ===Stenotarsiini=== Authority: Kraatz, 1880 • Subtribe Anochiliina Krikken, 1984 • Anochilia Burmeister, 1842 • Epistalagma Fairmaire, 1880 • Subtribe Chromoptiliina Krikken, 1984 • Chromoptilia Westwood, 1842 • Descarpentriesia Ruter, 1964 • Subtribe Coptomiina Schenkling, 1921 • Bricoptis Burmeister, 1842 • Coptomia Burmeister, 1842 • Coptomiopsis Pouillaude, 1919 • Eccoptomia Kraatz, 1880 • Euchilia Burmeister, 1842 • Euryomia Burmeister, 1842 • Heterocranus Bourgoin, 1919 • Hiberasta Fairmaire, 1901 • Hyphelithia Kraatz, 1880 • Liostraca Burmeister, 1842 • Micreuchilia Pouillaude, 1917 • Micropeltus Blanchard, 1842 • Pareuchilia Kraatz, 1880 • Pygora Burmeister, 1842 • Pyrrhopoda Kraatz, 1880 • Vieuella Ruter, 1964 • Subtribe Doryscelina Schenkling, 1921 • Doryscelis Burmeister, 1842 • Epixanthis Burmeister, 1842 • Hemiaspidius Krikken, 1982 • Pararhynchocephala Paulian, 1991 • Parepixanthis Kraatz, 1893 • Pseudepixanthis Kraatz, 1880 • Rhynchocephala Fairmaire, 1883 • Subtribe Euchroeina Paulian & Descarpentries, 1982 • Euchroea Burmeister, 1842 • Subtribe Heterophanina Schoch, 1894 • Heterophana Burmeister, 1842 • Oxypelta Pouillaude, 1920 • Pogoniotarsus Kraatz, 1880 • Pogonotarsus Burmeister, 1842 • Zebinus Fairmaire, 1894 • Subtribe Heterosomatina Krikken, 1984 • Heterosoma Schaum, 1844 • Plochilia Fairmaire, 1896 • Subtribe Pantoliina Krikken, 1984 • Bonoraella Ruter, 1978 • Celidota Burmeister, 1842 • Cyriodera Burmeister, 1842 • Dirrhina Burmeister, 1842 • Hemilia Kraatz, 1880 • Lucassenia Olsoufieff, 1940 • Melanchroea Kraatz, 1900 • Moriaphila Kraatz, 1880 • Pantolia Burmeister, 1842 • Tetraodorhina Blanchard, 1842 • Subtribe Parachiliina Krikken, 1984 • Parachilia Burmeister, 1842 • Subtribe Stenotarsiina Kraatz, 1880 • Callipechis Burmeister, 1842 • Ischnotarsia Kraatz, 1880 • Rhadinotaenia Kraatz, 1900 • Stenotarsia Burmeister, 1842 • Vadonidella Ruter, 1973 ===Taenioderini=== Authority: Mikšić, 1976 • Subtribe Chalcotheina Mikšić, 1976 • Anocoela Moser, 1914 • Chalcothea Burmeister, 1842 • Chalcotheomima Mikšić, 1970 • Clerota Burmeister, 1842 • Glyptothea Bates, 1889 • Glyptotheomima Mikšić, 1976 • Hemichalcothea Mikšić, 1970 • Microchalcothea Moser, 1910 • Paraplectrone Mikšić, 1985 • Penthima Kraatz, 1892 • Plectrone Wallace, 1867 • Pseudochalcothea Ritsema, 1882 • Pseudochalcotheomima Mikšić, 1985 • Subtribe Taenioderina Mikšić, 1976 • Bacchusia Mikšić, 1976 • Bombodes Westwood, 1848 • Carneluttia Mikšić, 1976 • Coilodera Hope, 1831 • Costinota Schürhoff, 1933 • Eumacronota Mikšić, 1976 • Euremina Westwood, 1867 • Euselates Thomson, 1880 • Gnorimidia Lansberge, 1887 • Ixorida Thomson, 1880 • Macronotops Krikken, 1977 • Meroloba Thomson, 1880 • Pleuronota Kraatz, 1892 • Stenonota Fairmaire, 1889 • Taeniodera Burmeister, 1842 • Xenoloba Bates, 1889 ===Xiphoscelidini=== Authority: Krikken, 1984 • Aporecolpa Lansberge, 1886 • Callophylla Moser, 1916 • Heteroclita Burmeister, 1842 • Ischnostomiella Krikken, 1978 • Meridioclita Krikken, 1982 • Myodermidius Bourgoin, 1920 • Neoclita Perissinotto, 2017 • Oroclita Krikken, 1982 • Plochiliana Ruter, 1978 • Protoclita Krikken, 1978 • Rhinocoeta Burmeister, 1842 • Scheinia Ruter, 1957 • Xiphoscelis Burmeister, 1842 • Xiphosceloides Holm, 1992 ==References==
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