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Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemaic dynasty, also known as the Lagid dynasty, was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Reigning for 275 years, the Ptolemaic was the longest and last dynasty of ancient Egypt from 305 BC until its incorporation into the Roman Republic in 30 BC.

Rulers and consorts{{anchor|Rulers}}
Dates in brackets represent the regnal dates of the Ptolemaic pharaohs. They frequently ruled jointly with their wives, who were often also their sisters, aunts or cousins. Several queens exercised regal authority. Of these, one of the last and most famous was Cleopatra ("Cleopatra VII Philopator", 51–30 BC), with her two brothers and her son serving as successive nominal co-rulers. Several systems exist for numbering the later rulers; the one used here is the one most widely employed by modern scholars. • Ptolemy I Soter (305–282 BC) married Thaïs, Artakama, Eurydice, and finally Berenice IPtolemy II Philadelphus (282–246 BC) co-ruler since 285 BC; married Arsinoe I, then Arsinoe II; • with his nephew Ptolemy Epigonos (267–259 BC) • Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221 BC) married Berenice IIPtolemy IV Philopator (221–203 BC) married Arsinoe IIIPtolemy V Epiphanes (203–181 BC) married Cleopatra IPtolemy VI Philometor (181–164 BC) married Cleopatra IIPtolemy VII Neos Philopator (posthumously named king) • Ptolemy VIII Physcon (170–163 BC), married Cleopatra II • Ptolemy VI Philometor (163–145 BC) • briefly with Ptolemy Eupator (152 BC) • Ptolemy VIII Physcon (145–131 BC), married Cleopatra IIICleopatra II Philometor Soteira (170–116 BC), co-ruler with Ptolemy VI, VIII, IX and Cleopatra III, briefly expelled Ptolemy VIII from Alexandria and ruled as sole pharaoh • Ptolemy VIII Physcon (127–116 BC), reconciled with Cleopatra II in 124 BC • with Ptolemy Apion (c. 120–96 BC), king of Cyrene. • Cleopatra III Philometor Soteira Kokke (141–131 BC, 127–101 BC) ruled jointly with Ptolemy VIII, Cleopatra II, Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy XPtolemy IX Soter Lathyros (116–107 BC) married Cleopatra IV; ruled jointly with Cleopatra III • Ptolemy X Alexander I (107–88 BC) married Cleopatra Selene I, then Berenice III; ruled with Cleopatra III till 101 BC • Ptolemy IX Soter Lathyros (88–81 BC) married Cleopatra Selene • Berenice III Philopator (101–88, 81–80 BC) • Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80 BC) married and ruled jointly with Berenice III before murdering her; ruled alone for 19 days after that. • Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes (80–58 BC) married Cleopatra V TryphaenaCleopatra V Tryphaena (79–69 BC) ruled jointly with her husband Ptolemy XII until her death or deposition • Berenice IV (58–55 BC) ruled jointly with Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (58–57 BC), possibly identical with Cleopatra V TryphaenaPtolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes (55–51 BC) • Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (51–30 BC) • with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (51–47 BC) • with Arsinoe IV (48–47 BC) as rival queen • with Ptolemy XIV Philopator (47–44 BC) • with Ptolemy XV Caesarion (44–30 BC) Other notable members of the Ptolemaic dynasty , dated mid-1st century BC. It likely represents Berenice II of Ptolemaic Egypt wearing a stephane (i.e. royal diadem) on her head.|205x205px • Ptolemy Keraunos (died 279 BC) – eldest son of Ptolemy I Soter. Eventually became king of Macedonia. • Ptolemy Apion (died 96 BC) – son of Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Made king of Cyrenaica. Bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome. • Ptolemy II of Telmessos, grandson of Ptolemy Epigonos, flourished second half of 3rd century BC and first half of 2nd century BC • Ptolemy of Cyprus, king of Cyprus c. 80–58 BC, younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes • Alexander Helios (born 40 BC) – elder son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII • Ptolemy Philadelphus (born 36 BC) – younger son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. • Cleopatra Selene II (40–c.5 BC) – daughter of Cleopatra VII, last Ptolemaic ruler of Cyrenaica, then client queen of Mauretania where she ruled jointly with her husband Juba II at the behest of Rome • Ptolemy of Mauretania (c. 10 BC–AD 40) – client king and ruler of Mauretania for Rome. Son of King Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania and Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony. ==Health==
Health
Continuing the tradition established by previous Egyptian dynasties, the Ptolemies engaged in inbreeding including sibling marriage, with many of the pharaohs being married to their siblings and often co-ruling with them. Ptolemy I and other early rulers of the dynasty were not married to their relatives, the childless marriage of siblings Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II being an exception. The first child-producing incestuous marriage in the Ptolemaic dynasty was that of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, who were succeeded as co-pharaohs by their son Ptolemy V, born 210 BC. The best-known Ptolemaic pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, was at different times married to and ruled with two of her brothers (Ptolemy XIII until 47 BC and then Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC), and their parents were also likely to have been siblings or possibly cousins. while sculptures and coins reveal prominent eyes and swollen necks. Familial Graves' disease could explain the swollen necks and eye prominence (exophthalmos), although this is unlikely to occur in the presence of morbid obesity. This is all likely due to inbreeding depression. In view of the familial nature of these findings, members of the Ptolemaic dynasty are likely to have suffered from a multi-organ fibrotic condition such as Erdheim–Chester disease, or a familial multifocal fibrosclerosis where thyroiditis, obesity and ocular proptosis may have all occurred concurrently.{{cite journal|last=Ashrafian|first=Hutan|title=Familial proptosis and obesity in the Ptolemies|journal=J. R. Soc. Med.|year=2005|volume=98|issue=2|pages=85–86|pmc=1079400|pmid=15684370 ==Gallery==
Gallery
File:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg|Ptolemy I, founder of the dynasty. File:Ptolemy II MAN Napoli Inv5600.jpg|Ptolemy II File:Ptolemy III Euergetes.jpg|Ptolemy III File:PtolemyIV-StatueHead MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png|Ptolemy IV File:Ptolemaeus V.jpg|Ptolemy V File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|Ptolemy VI File:Cleopatra II and III Kom Ombo Temple.jpg|Cleopatra II (right) File:Relief of Ptolemy VIII in Kom Ombo Temple.jpg|Ptolemy VIII File:Edfu29.JPG|Ptolemy IX File:Ägyptisches Museum Berlin 112.jpg|Ptolemy X File:Kom Ombo 0312.JPG|Ptolemy XII File:Kom Ombo 0333.JPG|Ptolemy XIII and Sekhmet File:Ptolemy XIV.jpg|Ptolemy XIV File:Cleopatra VII statue fragment, 69-30 BC - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09761.JPG|Cleopatra VII File:Denderah4 Cesarion.jpg|Ptolemy XV, commonly called Caesarion. File:Cameo Ptolemaic prince Bab111 CdM Paris.jpg|Sardonyx cameo of a Ptolemaic prince as the Greek god Hermes, Cabinet des médailles, Paris. File:Posthumous painted portrait of Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from Herculaneum, Italy.jpg| Posthumous portrait of Cleopatra VII, from Roman Herculaneum, mid-1st century AD. File:Coupe_des_Ptolémées_01.JPG|The Cup of the Ptolemies: front (top) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles) File:Coupe_des_Ptolémées_02.JPG|The Cup of the Ptolemies: back (bottom) of the cup (Cabinet des Médailles) == Timeline ==
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