Puya Meithaba

The Meiteis—including the royal house— traditionally followed an indigenous faith of worship that revered nature, ancestors, and fertility gods and goddesses, called lais. Situated far outside Aryavarta, the region was immune from Vedic and Hindu influences; until at least the sixteenth century, the royal culture did not bear any signs of Hindu influence. In 1704, Charairongba, the incumbent King became the first royal figure to be initiated into Vaishnavism; coins inscribing "Sri Krishna" were minted and Hindu temples were constructed but there is no evidence that the public sphere was affected to any significant degree. Five years later, his son Pamheiba ascended to the throne; he followed Meitei funerary rituals upon Charairongba's death and initially showed no inclination towards Vaishnavism, providing selective patronage to the shrines for lais. However, in 1715, he adopted the Sakta tradition under one Bengali Brahmin and two years later, followed his father into being initiated as a Gaudiya Vaishnava. Nevertheless, while Hindu temples were increasingly commissioned, the patronage of Meitei sites continued as before. C. 1720, Santa Das Goswami, a missionary from Sylhet arrived in his court, preaching Ramanandi Vaishnavism and upholding it as the most appropriate sect for warrior-kings. Facing an increasingly recalcitrant Cachar and Tripura—and Burma, their traditional enemy—the martial ethos of the sect suited Pamheiba’s expansionist ambitions. He converted in 1728 and, in the words of Rodney Sebastian, "re-grammared the very concepts of kingship and the sovereign from within the religio-political authority of Ramanandi Vaishnavism," adopting the title of Maharaja and identifying his realm as the "Manipur" of Indian epic literature. Pamheiba, unlike his predecessor, tried to unify the masses under a single religio-cultural authority, extensively Hindu-ising the cultural milieu in the process—mass-conversion rites were frequently held, translation of Puranas and Ramayana were commissioned, Hindu cultural norms like prohibition on beef were legalized, Meitei festivals were hybridized with Hindu ones while lai shrines were destroyed, images of Meitei deities dismantled and recast into coins, and worship of some lais consigned only to the (Hindu) Brahmins. == Contemporary Narrative ==

In contemporary Meitei culture, which bears a deep ambivalence towards mainland India (and Hindu ethos), Pamheiba's reign serves as a moment of rupture in their transcendental history. He is alleged to have violently suppressed Sanamahism, the local religion as referred to today, and imposed Vaishnavism on his subjects via oppressive means. In furtherance, many local scholars hold that Puyas—the ancient traditional texts of Meiteis—were destroyed at his orders with an explicit aim of purging the traditional episteme; this narrative of libricide has gained immense popularity among Meiteis, notwithstanding the presence of hundreds of extant Puyas. The precise date of the event is disputed. The details vary with authors and are often legendary in nature since they need to account for the sheer number of extant Puyas—some mention that the Puyas were scheduled to be incinerated but flew away from the fire; another version mentions that they were burnt but copies were already made of them in secret; yet another mentions that they were transported out of the valley using secret messengers. A few scholars have even produced lists of the burnt Puyas. It has also been propounded that the usage of Bengali script in place of Meitei Mayek began after this purge. == Historicity ==

No contemporaneous source exists for the libricide. Some scholars claim the event to have been chronicled in the Cheitharol Kumbaba but such claims do not withstand scrutiny. Neither the manuscript in Meitei, preserved by the royal palace, nor the Bengali transliteration by Thongam Madhab, a royal scribe () mentions any such event. Some late apocryphal manuscripts do assert that Meitei texts were destroyed by the incumbent king Garib Nawaz on the 17th of Mera (?) in Sakabda 1654 (1732 CE) but these were likely forged to support the then-dominant collective memory of a libricide; all of them emend a word from Leima to Lairik. Gangmumei Kamei notes the libricide to have been referenced for the first time in the works of Khumanthem Kaomacha, a Brahmin balladist-turned-historian in his 1934 publication, Manipur Itibritti. Pandita-Raja Atombapu Sharma reiterated these claims in his 1952 work Pakhangba and the claim soon made into every local publication. Carmen Brandt, Jyotirmoy Ray, and others have doubted the historicity of the libricide and criticized scholars who had uncritically accepted the popular narratives; they note that local sources give low and contradictory values about the number of burnt scripts, highlight the numerous documents that were written in Meitei during and well after the reign of Pamheiba including the very Cheitharol Kumbaba, and interpret Nawaz's attitude towards religion as one of strategic ambivalence than as one of missionary zeal. == Commemoration ==

The narrative about the intentional arsoning of the Puyas alongside a forced change of script occupies a prominent place in the collective memory of the Meiteis. It has become increasingly popular in Manipur since 1979 when the nationalist-revivalists—under the banner of Meitei National Front—decided to commemorate the libricide in a heavily publicized event on 23 January, every year, and evoke nostalgia for the Meitei script which had gone into increasing disuse. The main function remains restricted to the Sanamahi Temple at Imphal. The attendees have grown in number over the years but of late, the event has taken on more peaceful forms—for example, books are no more being burnt for portraying Meiteis as Hindus. Brandt notes these commemorations to "serve the construction of a history of oppression" and thus, strengthen Meitei nationalism. ==Notes==