Rabbitfish

The genus Siganus was described in 1775 by the Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius with Siganus rivulatus, a species also described by Fabricius in 1775, designated as the type species. The description was based on notes taken by the naturalist Peter Forsskål when he was on the Danish Arabia expedition (1761–67) and was published in Carsten Niebuhr's Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Catalog of Fishes lists the authority as " Fabricius [J. C.] (ex Forsskål) in Niebuhr 1775" and states that the genus is valid as "Siganus Fabricius 1775". In 2007 Kurriwa et al., outlined a way to split the genus—if the scientific community so desires: • An ancient group containing e.g. S. woodlandi • Another fairly small group containing, e.g., the S. canaliculatus/S. fuscescens) complex • The remainder of Siganus, including the foxfaces Other lineages might exist and make obsolete the somewhat weak distinction between the second and third groups. Also, it is not known where the type species S. rivulatus would fall, hence names for these three subgenera or genera are not established at present. Hybridizaton has played a role in the evolution of the Siganidae, as evidenced by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b and nDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence data. Evidence exists of interbreeding between S. guttatus and S. lineatus, as well as between S. doliatus and S. virgatus. ==Characteristics==

Rabbitfishes have laterally compressed, oval bodies which may be deep, or slender. A few species have a tubular snout. The mouth is very small and is with non protractile jaws which have one row of compressed, closely set, incisor-like teeth in each jaw. The teeth overlap slightly and create a beak like structure. The dorsal fin has 13 robust spines and 10 soft rays and the front spine is short, sharp and points forward, sometimes projecting from its "pocket" but it may be enfolded. The anal fin has 7 robust spines and 9 soft rays. The pelvic fins have 2 spines with 3 soft rays between them; this characteristic is unique to the Siganidae. There is a membrane which extends from the inner pelvic fin spine to the belly with the anus sitting between these membranes. The tiny scales are cycloid and may be absent from the head region. If present on the head they are restricted to a small area of the cheek under the eye. They range in maximum total lengths of in the case of the blotched foxface (S. unimaculatus) to in the streaked spinefoot (S. javus). The fin spines are equipped with well-developed venom glands. The sting is very painful, but it is generally not considered medically significant in healthy adults. ==Distribution and habitat==

Rabbitfishes are found in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and the coast of eastern Africa through the Pacific Ocean as far as Pitcairn Island. These fishes are found in inshore tropical and subtropical waters where they occur in reefs, lagoons, mangroves and seagrass beds. ==Biology==

All rabbitfish are diurnal; some live in schools, while others live more solitary lives among the corals. Rabbitfish sleep in crevices in the reef matrix at night. While sleeping, the rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus was observed being cleaned by the cleaner shrimp Urocaridella antonbruunii. They are herbivorous, feeding on benthic algae in the wild. However, Siganus rivulatus was recently observed feeding on jellyfish (Scyphozoa) and comb jellies (Ctenophora) in the Red Sea. Also Siganus fuscescens have been observed eating prawns and other baits, suggesting that some species are opportunistic omnivorous feeders. The live passage of benthic organisms in the guts of invasive rabbitfish (ichthyochory) was shown to play a major role in the long distance dispersal and bioinvasion of foraminifera. Rabbitfish lay adhesive eggs and some species live as monogamous pairs. ==Utilization==

Rabbitfish can be important species for commercial fisheries, particularly the schooling species. The catch is largely sold fresh but juveniles may be dried or processed to make fish paste. Some species are used in aquaculture and some of the more colorful species are found in the aquarium trade. ==References==