Among all these clades, the subhaplogroups H1 and H3 have been subject to a more detailed study and would be associated to the
Magdalenian expansion from SW Europe c. 13,000 years ago:
H1 H1 encompasses an important fraction of Western European mtDNA lineages, reaching its local peak among contemporary
Basques (27.8%). The clade also occurs at high frequencies elsewhere in the
Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the
Maghreb (
Tamazgha). The haplogroup frequency is above 10% in many other parts of Europe (France, Sardinia, parts of the British Isles, Alps, large portions of Eastern Europe), and surpasses 5% in nearly all of the continent. , the highest frequency of the H1 subclade has been found among the
Tuareg inhabiting the
Fezzan region in
Libya (61%). The basal H1* haplogroup is found among the Tuareg inhabiting the
Gossi area in
Mali (4.76%). The rare H1cb subclade is concentrated among
Fulani groups inhabiting the Sahel. Haplogroup H has been found in various fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the
Linearbandkeramik culture (H1e, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 1/22 or ~5%; H1 or H1au1b,
Karsdorf, 1/2 or 50%), Germany Middle Neolithic (H1e1a, Esperstedt, 1/1 or 100%), Iberia Early Neolithic (H1, El Prado de Pancorbo, 1/2 or 50%), Iberia Middle Neolithic (H1, La Mina, 1/4 or 25%), and Iberia Chalcolithic (H1t, El Mirador Cave, 1/12 or ~8%). Haplogroup H has been observed in ancient
Guanche fossils excavated in
Gran Canaria and
Tenerife on the
Canary Islands, which have been
radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. At the Tenerife site, these clade-bearing individuals were found to belong to the H1cf subclade (1/7; ~14%); at the Gran Canaria site, the specimens carried the H2a subhaplogroup (1/4; 25%). Additionally, ancient Guanche (Bimbaches) individuals excavated in Punta Azul,
El Hierro, Canary Islands were all found to belong to the H1 maternal subclade. These locally born individuals were dated to the 10th century and carried the H1-16260 haplotype, which is exclusive to the Canary Islands and
Algeria. ; Frequencies of haplogroup H1 in the world (Ottoni et al. 2010)
H3 H3 is found throughout the whole of Europe and in the Maghreb, Studies have suggested haplogroup H3 is highly protective against AIDS progression. Example of H3 sub-groups are:
H2, H6 and H8 The H2, H6 and H8 haplogroups are somewhat common in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. and in
Norway,
Ireland and
Slovakia.
H6a1a1a is common among Ashkenazi Jews.
H4 H4 is often found in the
Iberian Peninsula,
H7 The H7 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. Its subclade
H7c1 is present in
Druze people and in
Saudi Arabia.
H7c2 is present in such peoples as
Ashkenazi Jews,
Sardinians, and
Dutch people.
H7a1b is found today in
Scotland,
England,
Denmark,
Finland and
Sardinia.
H7b1 is found in
Lithuanians.
H9 H9 is present in
Yemenis. The subclade
H9a exists in
Welsh people,
Calabrians and
Crimean Karaites. H9a samples were recovered from two ancient people in
Lebanon.
H10 Haplogroup H10 is subclade which came into existence between 6,300 and 10,900 years ago. Its descendant branches are H10a, H10b, H10c, H10d, H10e, H10f, H10g, and H10h. Haplogroup
H10e has been found at a
Neolithic site, namely the Bom Santo cave near Lisbon. This is the oldest sample of H10 which has ever been found and it has been dated to 3735 BCE (±45 years).
H11 H11 is commonly found in Central Europe. and
Calabria.
H13 The H13 subhaplogroup is present in both Europe and West Asia. H13 is also found in the Caucasus;
H13c was found in a 9,700 year old sample in Mesolithic Georgia and
H13a2a and
H13a2b are found in
Armenians in Armenia.
H13a1a2a and
H13a1d are present among Lithuanians.
Sardinians from Italy, and
Persian Jews and
Iraqi Jews. The branch
H14a2 is present among
Romani people from
Spain and
Croats and is common in
Iran.
Persians and
Armenians from
Iran, and people in
Tuscany (central Italy), Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Spain, and Qatar. and people from
Armenia,
Turkey,
Saudi Arabia,
Italy, and
Scotland.
H15b is present in
Armenians,
Druze,
Ashkenazi Jews,
Danes, and other peoples of Europe and the Near East.
H16 H16 is encountered in numerous European populations, such as
Norway and
England. and in
Germany,
Scotland, and the
Netherlands.
H16b is another common branch and among other places is present in
Sardinia.
H16c was found in archaeological human remains from Iron Age cemetery in Lejasbitēni,
Latvia; it is currently found in
Sweden,
Great Britain,
Lithuania,
Poland,
Germany,
Latvia and elsewhere. and
Lithuania.
H20 and H21 These haplogroups are both found in the Caucasus region. as well as in
Germany,
Ireland,
Scotland, and
England. Its subclade
H45a is especially found in
Finland but also found in
Sweden.
Scotland,
England, and
Germany. Its subclade
H47a is exclusively European, being found in such countries as
England,
Ireland,
Czechia, and
Bulgaria. and
Poland and as far east as
Xinjiang in western China (among
Uyghurs).
H69 is a European branch found in
Finns,
Irish people, and inhabitants of
Sweden,
Germany, and
Switzerland.
H96 and above These were the most recently discovered and named major branches of H.
H105 is found in
Italy and
Hungary.
H176 is a
human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup and a subclade of
haplogroup H. H176 is estimated to have formed around
c. 7900 BCE. Based on the earliest known maternal origins currently reported for sampled descendants, a likely point of origin is in or near
Anatolia (modern-day
Turkey) or the eastern
Mediterranean; however, the small number of documented complete mitochondrial genomes in some downstream branches makes this inference provisional. Today, H176 appears to be rare in publicly accessible genealogical datasets. In one documented descendant branch, the earliest known maternal origins reported by testers include
Turkey, while some origins are not specified, and downstream coalescence dates extend into the
Common Era. Later population movements during the
Bronze Age, including steppe-derived migrations often discussed in connection with
Indo-European migrations, reshaped West Eurasian genetic variation and may have contributed to the dispersal of rare maternal lineages where they were present. ==Tree==