Transmembrane protein 89

Structure The TMEM89 gene is found on the minus strand of chromosome 3 (3p21.31) from 48,658,192 to 48,659,288 and is 1,011 nucleotides long. The gene has two exons. Expression of the TMEM89 gene has also been found in low amounts in the brain tissue from a mouse cerebellum. Gene expression neighborhood Human TMEM89 is a part of the Human Protein Atlas expression cluster 23: SpermatidS - Flagellum & Golgi organization. The 15 closest expression neighbors include OR4M1, ANTXRL, TGIF2LX, CPXCR1, C3orf84, CXorf66, CLDN17, C11orf94, USP50, SPDYE4, MMP20, SSMEM1, SPMAP1, SPACA1, and LYZL1. TMEM89 expression is higher in cells that have macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) knocked down compared to the control. TMEM89 expression is the lowest in cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells, compared to expression in human embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies with beating cardiomyocytes, and cardiomyocytes from fetal hearts. Clinical significance Gene expression of TMEM89 was found to be upregulated in upper tract urothelial carcinomas, and therefore predicted as a possible biomarker secretory protein for these types of carcinomas. The TMEM89 gene was found to be a potential modifier of autism spectrum disorder severity in a SNP analysis. Gene expression of TMEM89 was also used in a model that predicted the risk score for a potential relapse in stage 1 testicular germ cell tumors. == Protein ==

Structure Primary The human TMEM89 protein is 159 amino acids long. Proteins with a more basic pI are usually associated with the mitochondria or the plasma membrane and have fewer protein interactions. The protein structure contains two topological domains (extracellular and cytoplasmic) and a helical transmembrane domain. The amino acids aspartate, asparagine, and phenylalanine are present in low amounts in the human TMEM89 protein. Secondary The TMEM89 protein is only made up of α-helices and strands. , cell signaling, and targeting proteins to endomembranes and the plasma membrane. Proteins with SH3 binding domains are usually involved in signal transduction pathways, cytoskeleton organization, membrane trafficking, or organelle assembly. Protein phosphorylation is an important process involved with signal transduction, protein synthesis, cell division, cell growth, development, and aging. File:PS4 motif schematic.png|thumb|Human TMEM89 Motif Schematic == Homologs ==

Orthologs Orthologs of TMEM89 are only found in mammals. Conserved regions Regions within the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains of the human TMEM89 protein seem to be the most conserved, as seen in figures on the right. == References ==