Red Ruthenia

in folk costumes from Mokre, near Sanok One of the first known Slavic tribes to inhabit what would later become known as Red Ruthenia were the Lendians, a Lechitic tribe that would later form part of the Polish ethnicity and founded many of the fortified Cherven Cities in the region. They lived along the banks of the Bug river in the Pobuże (Cis-Bug) and Zabuże (Trans-Bug) regions on the western and eastern sides of the river respectively. Another Slavic tribe were the White Croats (or Chrobatians), who likely originated in what is now Volhynia but whose ethnogenesis is unclear, though their ethnonym being of Iranian-speaking Sarmatian origin indicates possible subjugations or incursions by eastern nomads. The Vistulans, another Lechitic tribe, would also gradually settle in the western part of the region, eventually joining the other related tribes to form an autochthonous Polish-speaking population. The region would be part of Great Moravia in the 9th century before being invaded by the Magyars at the end of the century. It became a contentious prize for the Kievan Rus', owing to prior settlement of its eastern portions by East Slavic tribes, most of whom would become known in the coming centuries as the Ruthenians. Consequently, it was captured by Vladimir the Great in the late 10th century. In 1018 parts of Red Ruthenia would become part of the newly established Polish kingdom before again falling to Rus' in 1031. The region would thereafter change hands consistenly between Poland and Rus' and its successor kingdoms and duchies (such as the Principality of Peremyshl and later the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia) across the centuries, endure a Mongol invasion and suzerainty, with only the Galicia–Volhynia Wars ultimately securing it as an integral part of Casimir the Great's Poland. , about 150-200 km southeast of Kraków. Its 18th- and 19th-century Upper Lusatian houses evoked the mountains of Saxony. According to Marcin Bielski, although Bolesław I Chrobry settled Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus' the settlers became farmers. Maciej Stryjkowski described German peasants near Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Sanok, and Jarosław as good farmers. Casimir the Great settled German citizens on the borders of Lesser Poland and Red Ruthenia to join the acquired territory with the rest of his kingdom. Furthermore, Poles from other regions of Poland would begin to settle in the area alongside the already existing autochthonous Polish populations. In determining the population of late medieval Poland, colonisation and Polish migration to Red Ruthenia, Spiš and Podlachia (whom the Ruthenians called Mazury—poor peasant migrants, chiefly from Mazowsze) should be considered. During the second half of the 14th century, the Vlachs arrived from the southeastern Carpathians and quickly settled across Red Ruthenia, especially in its mountainous southern reaches. Although during the 15th century the Ruthenians gained a foothold, it was not until the 16th century that the Wallachian population in the Bieszczady Mountains and the Lower Beskids was Ruthenized, giving rise to the Rusyn ethnicity. From the 14th to the 16th centuries Red Ruthenia underwent rapid urbanization, resulting in over 200 new towns built on the German model (virtually unknown before 1340, when Red Ruthenia was the independent Kingdom of Halych). At this time, a new wave of German settlers known as Walddeutsche ("Forest Germans"), as well as minorities such as Jews, Armenians, Karaims, Crimean Tatars, Greeks and Vlachs also made up part of the population. == History ==

1199 to 1772 (Władysław Opolczyk): "''''" (c. 1387) and Red Ruthenia Map (''; Russia'') by Martin Waldseemüller During the early Middle Ages, the region was part of Kievan Rus' and, from 1199, the independent Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. In 1340, the Romanovichi house of princes of Galicia and Volhynia died out, causing the Galicia–Volhynia Wars (1340–1392). Casimir the Great of Poland managed to take control of Galicia in 1340, while the Grand Duchy of Lithuania obtained Volhynia. During his reign from 1333 to 1370, Casimir the Great founded several cities, urbanizing the rural province. Under Polish rule, 325 towns were founded from the 14th century to the second half of the 17th century, most during the 15th and 16th centuries (96 and 153, respectively). In October 1372, Władysław Opolczyk was deposed as count palatine. Although he retained most of his castles and goods in Hungary, his political influence waned. As compensation, Opolczyk was made governor of Hungarian Galicia. In this new position, he contributed to the economic development of the territories entrusted to him. Although Opolczyk primarily resided in Lwów, at the end of his rule he spent more time in Halicz. The only serious conflict during his time as governor involved his approach to the Eastern Orthodox Church, which angered the local Catholic boyars. The Polish name Ruś Czerwona (translated as "Red Rus") came into use for the territory extending to the Dniester, centring on Przemyśl. The Polish region was divided into a number of voivodeships, and an era of German eastward migration and Polish settlement among the Ruthenians began. Armenians and Jews also migrated to the region. A number of castles were built at this time, and the cities of Stanisławów (Stanyslaviv in Ukrainian, now Ivano-Frankivsk) and Krystynopol (now Chervonohrad) were founded. Red Ruthenia consisted of three voivodeships: Ruthenia, whose capital was Lviv and provinces were Lviv, Halych, Sanok, Przemyśl and Chełm; Bełz, separating the provinces of Lviv and Przemyśl from the rest of the Ruthenian voivodeship; and Podolia, with its capital at Kamieniec Podolski. Since the reign of Władysław Jagiełło (d. 1434) the Przemyśl Voivodeship was called the Ruthenian Voivodeship (województwo ruskie), centring on Lwów. The Ruthenian Voivodeship consisted of five regions: Lwów, Sanok, Halicz (Halych), Przemyśl, and Chełm. The town of Halych gave its name to Galicia. ;Ruthenian Voivodeship • Chełm Land (Ziemia Chełmska), Chełm • Chełm County, (Powiat Chełmski), Chełm • Powiat of Ratno, (Powiat Ratneński), Ratno • Halych Land (Ziemia Halicka), Halicz • Powiat of Halicz, (Powiat Halicki), Halicz • Kolomyja County, (Powiat Kołomyjski), Kołomyja • Trembowla County, (Powiat Trembowelski), Trembowla • Lwów Land (Ziemia Lwowska), Lwów • Powiat of Lwów, (Powiat Lwowski), Lwów • Powiat of Żydaczów, (Powiat Żydaczowski), Żydaczów • Przemyśl Land (Ziemia Przemyska), Przemyśl; Its area was 12,000 km2. and in the 17th century it was divided five smaller regions (county, powiaty). • Przemyśl County (Powiat Przemyski), Przemyśl • Powiat of Sambor, (Powiat Samborski), Sambor • Powiat of Drohobycz, (Powiat Drohobycki), Drohobycz • Powiat of Stryj, (Powiat Stryjski), Stryj • Sanok Land (Ziemia Sanocka), Sanok • Sanok County (Powiat Sanocki), Sanok: Intensive settlement occurred from the 13th to 15th centuries in an area flanked by the Wisłok, San and Wisłoka Rivers. The Vlachs primarily engaged in agriculture; moving west, they established a number of villages during the 15th century. In Sanok Land were six Jewish communities, with synagogues and kahal organizations. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Jewish Communities were also autonomous in criminal law. ;Bełz Voivodeship • Belz County, (Powiat Bełzski), Bełz • Grabowiec County, (Powiat Grabowiecki), Grabowiec • Horodło County, (Powiat Horodelski), Horodło • Lubaczów County, (Powiat Lubaczowski), Lubaczów • Busk Land, (Ziemia Buska), Busk Ruthenia was subject to repeated Tatar and Ottoman Empire incursions during the 16th and 17th centuries and was impacted by the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1654), the 1654–1667 Russo-Polish War and Swedish invasions during the Deluge (1655–1660); the Swedes returned during the Great Northern War of the early 18th century. 1772 to 1918 Red Ruthenia (except for Podolia) was conquered by the Austrian Empire in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland, remaining part of the empire until 1918. Between World Wars I and II, it belonged to the Second Polish Republic. The region is currently split, with its western portion in southeastern Poland (around Rzeszów, Przemyśl, Zamość and Chełm) and its eastern portion (around Lviv) in western Ukraine. == Largest cities ==

File:Латинський кафедральний собор (Львів) 16.jpg|Lviv File:Ratush-01.jpg|Ivano-Frankivsk File:UA-TE Ternopil Buran 18-06-16.JPG|Ternopil File:PL Rzeszów, ratusz 2021-05-04--11-00-20.jpg|Rzeszów File:Пам’ятник .Юрій Дрогобич.Костел та дзвіниця.JPG|Drohobych File:Ратуша Коломиї.jpg|Kolomyia File:Zamojski ratusz 2.jpg|Zamość File:Chełm, Bazylika NMP.JPG|Chełm File:Widok z tarasu wieży Zegarowej w Przemyślu 11 - kościoły.jpg|Przemyśl File:Rynek miejski - Krosno, podkarpackie.JPG|Krosno File:Waldkarpaten SineWiry.jpg|Bieszczady Mountains == See also ==