Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

Before World War II In 1933, Hitler and the Jewish League agreed to the Haavara Agreement in which, over time, German Jews and their finances could and would settle in Mandatory Palestine. Furthermore, the Havaara Mark was used instead of the Reichsmark, because of its lower interest rates, and it was seen as more favourable. By the end of the 30‘s, over German Jews had emigrated to Palestine. Following this, they discouraged emigration by restricting the amount of money Jews could take from German banks and imposed high emigrations taxes. The German government forbade emigration from the Greater Germanic Reich after October 1941. The German Jews who remained, about in Germany and less than from annexed Austria, were mostly elderly who were murdered in ghettos or taken to Nazi concentration camps, where most were murdered. Jews were able to leave Vichy France until the fall of 1942. Another was a concern that there might be pro-Nazi spies among the refugees. At the time that Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, there were about German Jews (<1 percent of the population) in the country. ==German-occupied territories==

Denmark In October 1943, 7000 Danish Jews, and 700 of their relatives who were not Jewish, escaped Nazi-occupied Denmark for neutral Sweden, as was coordinated by the Danish resistance movement. They travelled to Malmö, Sweden across the Øresund Channel. Norway After the German occupation of Norway in 1940, some Norwegian Jews were able to find a safe haven in Sweden, which was neutral. Poland Jews were prevented from leaving German-occupied Poland by the Schutzstaffel (SS). By the end of the war, 67 percent of the Jews from Europe had been murdered. ==Destinations of Jewish refugees==

Within Europe Despite pressure from Germany, Fascist Italy protected Jewish people in lands that it occupied in Greece, France, Dalmatia, Croatia, and Yugoslavia, as well as protecting Jews in Tunisia, between mid-1942 and September 1943. Bolivia Between 1938 and 1941, Bolivia allowed for refugees to immigrate to its country. Philippines Manuel Quezon, the president of the Philippines, under the Open Doors policy planned to accept Jewish refugees from Europe. Then a Commonwealth, the United States limited the number of Jews to be admitted to its colony. 1200 Jews arrived in the Philippines from 1937 to 1941. United Kingdom United States The United States had about available visas in late 1938 for individuals for refugees. At that time, consulate offices outside the US were visited by applicants, and by June 1939, there had been more than applicants. This was far more than the US would allow into the country due to its immigration policy. In 1944, the War Refugee Board (WRB) was established to assist tens of thousands of refugees, in coordination with the World Jewish Congress and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, and an emergency shelter was established at Fort Ontario in New York, which housed almost 1000 refugees. The chaos of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese war also meant that there were no customs officials, and therefore refugees (and others) were able to simply pass by the customs house when they arrived in the city. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited the museum and praised Shanghai's historic role as a sanctuary for Jewish refugees. ==International aid effort by Jewish/Zionist organizations==

Organizations were established to assist refugees, like the World Jewish Congress, the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. There were few non-Jews that helped the Jews escape, but there were some that risked their lives for the cause. Such people were later amongst what became known as the Righteous Among the Nations. ==Recovery of Jews after World War II==

Liberation by the Allies In May 1945, European Jews were released from concentration camps or came out of hiding, to find that they had lost family members and their former homes. The population of displaced persons also included more than Jews who had left Central and Eastern Europe due to violence and anti-Semitism. Countries continued to resist taking in Jews, however. == See also ==