Reservoirs of Wales

North Wales Within Snowdonia, numerous existing natural lakes were co-opted to provide local water supplies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Within the Carneddau, Llyn Dulyn and Llyn Melynllyn were dammed in 1881 and 1887 respectively, to provide water to Llandudno. Llyn Anafon was dammed in 1931 to allow water supply for Abergwyngregyn, Llanfairfechan and the surrounding areas. South Wales Cardiff Corporation Waterworks opened both Llanishen Reservoir and Lisvane Reservoir in 1886. It later commissioned the construction of three reservoirs in Cwm Taf to supply water to the capital. Beacons Reservoir was the first to take shape, between 1893 and 1897, Cantref Reservoir was built between 1886 and 1892 and the damming of the largest of the three, Llwyn-onn Reservoir began in 1911 with the supply of water starting in the mid 1920s. The construction of Crai Reservoir was completed in 1907 and supplied Swansea with water. Llandegfedd Reservoir was opened by the Newport Corporation in May 1965, covering 434 acres (1.76 square kms). It was originally built to supply water to Spencer Steelworks in Llanwern. Grwyne Fawr Reservoir, the only reservoir within the Black Mountains massif was completed by Abertillery and District Water Board in 1928, serving to supply water to various towns in the traditional county of Monmouthshire. A holding reservoir in Cwmtillery was constructed as a part of the scheme. Blaenycwm Reservoir to the northwest of Brynmawr, was originally constructed as a water supply for Nantyglo Ironworks but enlarged for public supply during the 20th century. Llyn Brianne was constructed in the late 1960s to provide additional water supply to South Wales via the Felindre water treatment works. The original intention was to supplement supplies of water to Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot. == List of reservoirs ==

Notable reservoirs • Llyn Brianne has the tallest dam in the UK • Clywedog Reservoir (Llyn Clywedog) has the tallest mass of concrete in Britain List of largest reservoirs This is a list of the 20 largest reservoirs in Wales defined by Natural Resources Wales. ==Supply ==

Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water is the water and sewerage company that supplies most of Wales and also supplies some bordering areas of England. Dŵr Cymru supplies over three million people. Since 2001, Dŵr Cymru has been owned by Glas Cymru, which is a one purpose company that manages and finances Dŵr Cymru as a "company limited by guarantee". It does not have any shareholders, and financial surpluses are reinvested into the company. The areas of Wales previously served by Severn Trent and Dee Valley in north east Wales were merged after Dee Valley Water was bought by Severn Trent in 2017 for £84 million. Hafren Dyfrdwy (owned by Severn Trent) replaced these areas in 2018 and is aligned with the national border, serving 115,000 people in Wales. == Reservoir floodings ==

In 1891, the village of Llanwddyn was flooded to supply water to Liverpool by damming of the River Vyrnwy. The reservoir became the largest man made reservoir in Europe. In 1964, residents of the small community of Aberbiga, composed of six farms, including Gronwen, Eblid, Ystradynod, Pen y Rhynau and Bwlch y Gle were evicted from their homes to create the Clywedog reservoir to supply the English midlands. Among those evicted were the parents of harpist Elinor Bennett and family of the tenor Aled Wyn Davies. There were protests against the flooding at the time. In the early 1960s, 70 people were forced to leave their homes in Capel Celyn before the whole valley was flooded, and the Llyn Celyn reservoir built to supply water to Liverpool, England, 60 miles (95 km) away. Birmingham Corporation had one hundred occupants moved out of their homes in the Elan Valley, Powys, to build the reservoirs. Water supply to England In total, up to 243 billion litres of water can be supplied from Wales to England annually. Water from Elan Valley is supplied to Birmingham, while water from Lake Vyrnwy is supplied to Cheshire and Liverpool. Welsh Water is licensed to give 133 billion litres annually from Elan Valley reservoirs to Severn Trent customers. United Utilities is able to take up to 252 million litres daily from Lake Vyrnwy in Powys (owned by Severn Trent) and 50 million litres daily from the River Dee. In 2022, Professor Roger Falconer said that England should "pay for the water", with the revenue being invested back into local communities in Wales. He added, "We would supply directly under drought conditions to the south east of England and I would see this as the oil of Wales for the future in terms of revenue." Former lecturer at Swansea University, John Ball has suggested that Welsh water is supplied to England is worth around £2bn annually. It has also been estimated that a low extraction fee of 0.1p per litre could generate £400 million for Wales. In February 2023, Powys council said it had written to the Welsh Government and UK government about permission to raise tax on water supplies to England. Jane Dodds, leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats, stated that she was "totally behind" the council's proposal plans, adding that they are a "step in the right direction". In March 2023, United Utilities, Severn Trent Water and Thames Water were reportedly planning new pipeline for supply of up to 155million litres of water per day from Lake Vyrnwy in Powys to south east England. == Responsibility ==

Devolution The Government of Wales Act 2006 (GoWA 2006) devolved multiple Water industry powers to the then Welsh Assembly. These powers included water supply, management of water resources including reservoirs, water quality, consumer representation, management of flood risk and coastal protection. The GoWA 2006 was changed by the Wales Act 2017 which includes devolution of water and sewerage powers as recommended by the Silk Commission. Natural Resources Wales is responsible for managing water resources in Wales and is the regulatory body for this purpose. On 1 April 2013, Natural Resources Wales took over the responsibilities of the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales and the Forestry Commission Wales. The Welsh government has decided not to pursue deregulation of the water industry, except for large industrial users that consume over 50 million litres of water annually. == River regulation ==

River regulation reservoirs may play a role in winter flood mitigation. Operational rules may prescribe a maximum water height at the end of Autumn to ensure that the reservoir can absorb any extreme winter rainfall events in the uplands thus mitigating high flows downstream, the Clywedog Reservoir performs this function on the River Severn. River regulation reservoirs are marginally cheaper to construct since there is no requirement for a take-off tower or associated large volume pipe-work or aqueducts piercing the dam wall. However a number of such reservoirs have installed hydro-electric generating sets to extract power from the released water. Examples of river regulation reservoirs include Llyn Brianne on the River Towy and Llyn Celyn and Llyn Brenig on the River Dee. Proposals in the past have also included complex inter-river transfer schemes with, in one case, the enlargement of Craig Goch reservoir, the release of water into the River Severn via the Afon Elan and then a pumped transfer into the headwaters of the River Thames. == Safety and failures ==

It was, in part, the failure of the Llyn Eigiau dam, and consequent collapse of the dam of a second reservoir (Coedty) downstream, in the then Caernarvonshire (modern Gwynedd) in 1925 with the loss of 16 lives in the village of Dolgarrog which led to the enactment of the Reservoirs (Safety Provisions) Act in 1930. Under this legislation, all reservoir owners in Wales and England were required to have them inspected by a suitably qualified civil engineer, if the capacity exceeded five million gallons (22,700 cubic metres). The Reservoirs Act of 1975 placed further duties upon both owners and local authorities in respect of the safety of those with a capacity of more than 25,000 cubic metres. The Environment Agency assumed safety responsibilities in September 2004 and Natural Resources Wales became the responsible environmental body in 2013. == Hydroelectric energy ==

The Rheidol hydropower plant is the largest hydropowerplant of its kind in Wales. It has generated renewable energy since 1962, using rainfall from the nearby mountains. The plant includes a combination of reservoirs, dams, pipelines, aqueducts and power stations, over 162 square kilometres producing around 85 GWh annually which can power around 12,350 homes. The Ffestiniog Power Station opened in Gwynedd in 1963, and Dinorwig pumped hydro plant was commissioned in 1984. Ffestiniog power station produces 360 MW while Dinorwig produces 1.7 GW. Since 2014 Natural Resources Wales (NRW) have enabled developers and small community groups to build 15 small scale hydro schemes in Wales. NRW have also finished building the 17 kW Garwnant small scale hydro scheme in 2017. ==See also==