Revised Penal Code

The Revised Penal Code supplanted the 1870 Spanish Código Penal, which was in force in the Philippines (then an overseas province of the Spanish Empire up to 1898) from 1886 to 1930, after an allegedly uneven implementation in 1877. The new Code was drafted by a committee created in 1927, and headed by Judge Anacleto Díaz, who would later serve on the Supreme Court. Rather than engage in a wholesale codification of all penal laws in the Philippines, the committee instead revised the old Penal Code and included all other penal laws only insofar as they related to the Penal Code. ==Features==

The Revised Penal Code criminalizes a whole class of acts that are generally accepted as criminal, such as the taking of a life whether through murder or homicide, rape, robbery theft, and treason. The Code also penalizes other acts that are considered criminal in the Philippines, such as adultery, concubinage, and abortion. It expressly defines the elements that each crime comprises, and the existence of all these elements has to be proven beyond reasonable doubt in order to secure a conviction. Not all crimes in the Philippines are penalized under the Code; certain crimes, such as the illegal possession of firearms, are penalized under special legislation contained in Republic Acts. The most notable crimes now excluded from the Revised Penal Code are those concerning illegal drug use or trafficking, which are penalized instead under the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 and later the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. One distinct aspect of the Revised Penal Code centers on its classification of aggravating, exempting and mitigating circumstances, the appreciation of which affects the gradation of penalties. Penalties under the Revised Penal Code are generally divided into three periods – the minimum period, the medium period, and the maximum period. In addition to establishing the elements of the crime, the prosecution may also establish the presence of aggravating circumstances in order to set the penalty at the maximum period, or mitigating circumstances to reduce the penalty to its minimum period. The presence of both aggravating and mitigating circumstance, or the absence of such circumstances, may result in the imposition of the penalty in its medium period. Several provisions of the Revised Penal Code have also been amended through Republic Acts. One of the more consequential amendments came in 1997, with the passage of Republic Act No. 8353, the Anti-Rape Law of 1997. Prior to the 1997 amendments, rape had been classified as a crime against chastity and was defined as "having carnal knowledge of a woman" under enumerated circumstances that indicated lack of consent. The penalty of life imprisonment is not provided for in the Revised Penal Code, although it is imposed by other penal statutes such as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act. == Preliminary article ==

It states that the law shall be known as the "Revised Penal Code." == Book One ==

A preliminary article states when it takes effect (on January 1, 1932), and where the law can be enforced, which includes the Philippine archipelago, and on a Philippine ship or airship, among others. Title One: Felonies and criminal liability Chapter One defines what a felony is, which are acts and omissions punishable by law, either by means of deceit, or by fault. It defines who is criminally liable, whether a felony is consummated, frustrated or attempted, when conspiracy and proposal to commit felonies are punishable, which felonies are light, less grave and grave. The succeeding chapters list which circumstances justify, exempt, mitigate and aggravate criminal liability. Title Two: Persons criminally liable This title discusses who are the persons liable. These include the principals, accomplices and the accessories, with the latter classification not used for light felonies. Title Three: Penalties All penalties relating to death are commuted to reclusión perpetua. Length of incarceration Other penalties • Public censure (also a light penalty) • Fines (also an afflictive penalty) • Civil interdiction: Deprive the offender during the time of his sentence of the rights of parental authority, or guardianship Accessory penalties • Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification • The deprivation of the public offices and employments which the offender may have held even if conferred by popular election. • The deprivation of the right to vote in any election for any popular elective office or to be elected to such office, and the disqualification for the offices or public employments and for the exercise of any of the rights mentioned. • : In case of temporary disqualification, this deprivation and disqualification shall last during the term of the sentence. • The loss of all rights to retirement pay or other pension for any office formerly held. • Perpetual or temporary special disqualification: • The deprivation of the office, employment, profession or calling affected; • The disqualification for holding similar offices or employments either perpetually or during the term of the sentence according to the extent of such disqualification. • Perpetual or temporary special disqualification for the exercise of the right of suffrage • Deprive the offender perpetually or during the term of the sentence, according to the nature of said penalty, of the right to vote in any popular election for any public office or to be elected to such office. Moreover, the offender shall not be permitted to hold any public office during the period of his disqualification. • Suspension from any public office, profession or calling, or the right of suffrage • Disqualify the offender from holding such office or exercising such profession or calling or right of suffrage during the term of the sentence Title Four: Extinction of criminal liability and civil liability Extinction of criminal liability This discusses when criminal liability is extinguished. These include by death of the convict, service of the sentence, by amnesty, and by absolute pardon, among others. Prescription of crimes This discusses when crimes can no longer be prosecuted, from the time the crime is discovered by the offended party, the authorities, or their agents. Title Five: Civil liability The law states that "every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable." == Book Two ==

The code classifies crimes into different titles, each divided to one or more chapters, all of these in Book Two of the code. Title One: Crimes against national security and the law of nations • "Treason" is defined as "any person who, owing allegiance to (the United States or) the Government of the Philippine Islands, not being a foreigner, levies war against them or adheres to their enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippine Islands or elsewhere" • "Espionage" is defined as: • Without authority therefor, enters a warship, fort, or naval or military establishment or reservation to obtain any information, plans, photographs, or other data of a confidential nature relative to the defense of the Philippine Archipelago; or • Being in possession, by reason of the public office he holds, of the articles, data, or information referred to in the preceding paragraph, discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation. • "Flight to enemy country", known elsewhere as "desertion", is defined as "any person who, owing allegiance to the Government, attempts to flee or go to an enemy country when prohibited by competent authority" • "Piracy" is defined as "any person who, on the high seas, shall attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member of its complement nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment, or personal belongings of its complement or passengers." • "Qualified piracy" is defined as those who commit any of the crimes referred to in the preceding article, under any of the following circumstances: • Whenever they have seized a vessel by boarding or firing upon the same; • Whenever the pirates have abandoned their victims without means of saving themselves; or • Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide, physical injuries or rape. Title Two: Crimes against the fundamental laws of the state • "Arbitrary detention" is defined as detention of a person by a public officer without legal grounds. • "Expulsion", or "deportation" elsewhere, is defined as "any public officer or employee who, not being thereunto authorized by law, shall expel any person from the Philippine Islands or shall compel such person to change his residence." • Violation of domicile, or "trespassing" elsewhere, is defined as "any public officer or employee who, not being authorized by judicial order, shall enter any dwelling against the will of the owner thereof, search papers or other effects found therein without the previous consent of such owner, or having surreptitiously entered said dwelling, and being required to leave the premises, shall refuse to do so • "Offending the religious feelings" is defined as "anyone who, in a place devoted to religious worship or during the celebration of any religious ceremony shall perform acts notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful." Title Three: Crimes against public order Title Four: Crimes against public interest Title Five: Crimes relative to opium and other prohibited drugs Repealed by Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. Title Six: Crimes against public morals Articles 195 to 199, which cover gambling, have been repealed by Presidential Decree 1602 as amended by Republic Act 9287. Title Seven: Crimes committed by public officers For purposes of this section, and elsewhere when cited, a public officer is a anyone who takes part in public functions of the government of the Philippines. Other crimes committed by public officers are included in the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and other laws. Title Eight: Crimes against persons Title Nine: Crimes against personal liberty and security Title Ten: Crimes against property Title Eleven: Crimes against chastity Title Twelve: Crimes against civil status of persons Title Thirteen: Crimes against honor Title Fourteen: Quasi-offenses (criminal negligence) Title Fifteen: Final provisions This includes provisions on crimes committed prior to the code to be applied under the laws at that time, and a repealing clause. Other penalties • Qualified bribery: If any public officer is entrusted with law enforcement and he refrains from arresting or prosecuting an offender who has committed a crime punishable by reclusión perpetua and/or death in consideration of any offer, promise, gift or present, he shall suffer the penalty for the offense which was not prosecuted. • If it is the public officer who asks or demands such gift or present, he shall suffer the penalty of death. • Corruption of public officials: The same penalties on the person corrupted except those of disqualification and suspension, shall be imposed upon any person who shall have made the offers or promises or given the gifts or presents as described in the preceding articles. (Chapter 2, Section 2.) • Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances • Any legally married person who having surprised his spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, or shall inflict upon them any serious physical injury, shall suffer the penalty of destierro. • If he shall inflict upon them physical injuries of any other kind, he shall be exempt from punishment. • Dueling, if causing injury, will be treated as if it's a normal crime (as serious physical injuries or assault) • Grave threats: The penalty next lower in degree than that prescribed by law for the crime be threatened to commit, if the offender shall not have attained his purpose, the penalty lower by two degrees shall be imposed. == Amendments ==

The code has been amended and repealed multiple times: • Commonwealth Act No. 616, criminalized espionage • Republic Act No. 10, criminalized usurpation of public authority • Republic Act No. 1700, outlawed the Communist Party of the Philippines and its successors (later repealed by Republic Act No. 7636) • Republic Act No. 3019, created the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act • Republic Act No. 4200, criminalized wiretapping • • Republic Act No. 6425, criminalized illegal drugs (later amended by Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002) • Republic Act No. 6539, criminalized carnapping (later amended by Republic Act No. 10883, otherwise known as the New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016) • Presidential Decree No. 90, criminalized rumor-mongering • Presidential Decree No. 449, regulated cockfights • Presidential Decree No. 483, criminalized sports betting, point shaving, match fixing and the like • Presidential Decree No. 519, outlawed pinball machines • Presidential Decree No. 532, criminalized highway robbery • Presidential Decree No. 749, granted immunity to givers of bribes • Presidential Decree No. 818, increased penalties for estafa • Presidential Decree No. 1602, increased penalties for illegal gambling (later amended by Republic Act No. 9287) • Presidential Decree No. 1613, amended the law on arson • Presidential Decree No. 1866, regulated firearms (later amended by Republic Act No. 10591, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act) • Republic Act No. 6968, criminalized coup d'etats • Republic Act No. 8353, amended the law on rape and increased the penalties for it • Republic Act No. 9208, established the Intellectual Property Office • Republic Act No. 9262, criminalized violence against women and their children • Republic Act No. 9287, criminalized human trafficking (later expanded by Republic Act No. 10364, otherwise known as the Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012) • Republic Act No. 9372 or the Human Security Act, criminalized terrorism (later amended by Republic Act No. 11479, otherwise known as the "Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020") • Republic Act No. 9851, criminalized crimes against international humanitarian law, genocide and crimes against humanity • Republic Act No. 10158, decriminalized vagrancy • Republic Act No. 10175, criminalized acts in cyberspace via the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 • Republic Act No. 10592, amended the law on increasing the good conduct time allowance for prisoners (this remained controversial after the near-release of former Calauan, Laguna mayor Antonio Sanchez, the mastermind in the June 1993 rape-slay of UPLB college student Mary Eileen Sarmenta and killing of her companion Allan Gomez) • Republic Act No. 10951, updated the values of damages in certain crimes, and the value of fines == See also ==