Richard Arrington Jr.

Early life Arrington's father moved his family to the steel-town of Fairfield, Alabama from rural Sumter County, Alabama when Richard Jr. was five years old to take a job with U.S. Steel. The steady work was an improvement over sharecropping, but Richard Sr. still had to supplement the family income by working off-hours as a brick mason. Arrington majored in biology at Miles and excelled in the classroom and as a leader, rising to the presidency of his chapter of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He was also an officer in the Honor Society and the Thespian Club. He graduated cum laude in 1955. and, at the urging of President Lucius Pitts, returned to Miles as acting Dean and Director of the Summer School. While there, Barbara struggled in the mostly white community. The family faced isolation along with fears for their children: Tony, Kenneth, and Kevin. A year later, Richard Arrington Jr. met Rachel Reynolds at his work whom he married soon after. As Arrington continued in his political career, Rachel supported him in his dream for a unified Birmingham. Even though Arrington held the responsibility and role of City Council member and Mayor, his wife and family offered support and stability during those struggling times. A few years after his retirement from mayor, Arrington and Rachel divorced, and the former mayor faced the death of his daughter, Erica, in 2005. ==City Council 1971-1979==

Campaigns and elections In 1971, Arrington began campaigning for election to the Birmingham City Council with the pledge to make Birmingham "a city of which all her people can be proud." He placed third among 29 at-large candidates and faced five opponents in a runoff election for three remaining seats. Arrington earned a majority of the Black vote and won his seat easily, becoming, after Arthur Shores (who had been appointed to a vacant seat by Mayor George Siebels in 1968), the second African American to serve on the council. He won his first seat on the council due to the large African American voter turnout encouraged by the Jefferson County Progressive Democratic Council and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Arrington's second run for City Council was smoother due to the young politician winning a seat without a runoff. Policies and accomplishments While on the council, Arrington worked to promote affirmative action in Birmingham. He introduced an ordinance requiring city departments to formulate hiring plans that included affirmative action goals and to contract business to companies that hired minorities. With opposition in the business community, the latter action failed, but the departmental hiring ordinance made it out of council to be vetoed by Siebels. Revised proposals that established recruitment programs and prohibited contracting with openly discriminatory firms, were later passed. Arrington's next notable change was to push for a formal investigation into multiple reports of police brutality. One of which was the shooting of Willis "Bugs" Chambers Jr., an African American suspect, while he was under police custody. Chambers, who had been an informant for the police, died on February 21, 1972. After the incident, Arrington insisted the council move to have the Public Safety Committee investigate. The resulting investigation was unprecedented for the city. After seven weeks, the hearing was inconclusive but opened the door to a more serious look at police procedure. In another case of police brutality, Bonita Carter, an eighteen-year-old African American girl, was killed by a white police officer in 1979. After Mayor David Vann refused to fire the officer who shot Carter, Arrington decided to submit his run for mayor to end police brutality and enact more change in Birmingham. == Mayor 1979-1999 ==

Campaigns and elections Arrington won the 1979 mayoral election due to the Jefferson County Citizens Coalition which helped to mobilize 73% of black voters to vote in the runoff election. Although he had support from only 10% of white voters, African Americans in Birmingham voted in 1979 for the first African American mayor. For his fourth run for office in 1991, Arrington faced a federal investigation into his personal and political life which earned him a strong albeit mixed presence in the local media. Even with the investigation, Arrington easily won a fourth term. Policies and accomplishments Richard Arrington Jr. worked to rebuild Birmingham's economy and infrastructure. Decades after the Great Depression, the industrial city still faced large numbers of unemployment. He worked to bring banking and finance companies as well as expanding the city's solely steel industry to other fields. == Political challenges ==

Richard Arrington Jr. faced many challenges, but his greatest was the investigation led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Division (IRS), which lasted throughout his political career. The FBI, led by their racial counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO), launched their investigation into Arrington on January 26, 1972, shortly after he became a member of the Birmingham City Council. The mayor denied taking any money from Brown, stating that he only met with him to encourage him to open an office in Birmingham. After multiple checks into the business of the funeral home, the results showed that no illegal business was being done. In November 1985, the FBI concluded that there was no probable cause in Arrington's case, but the investigation still continued.In April 1989, Robert Mousallem, a real estate developer, came to see Arrington at his home. There, he confessed that the FBI and U.S. Attorney Frank Donaldson had tried to get him to frame the mayor for bribery and corruption for the past three years. In exchange for his help, Donaldson promised Mousallem immunity. The goal was for him to buy property in areas where there were zoning issues and ask the African American politicians for help in rezoning. Then, two FBI agents, Robert A. Hood and James Vaules, would go undercover with Mousallem to gain the mayor's trust and eventually encourage him to take the bribe. The FBI called off Mussallem's attempt to bribe the mayor after other African American politicians declined the bribe. In September 1989, Mousallem was convicted of bribery, conspiracy, and tax evasion and later shot to death, which was ruled an accident. On July 21, 1989, the City of Birmingham filed a complaint to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee about the racial harassment of the FBI and IRS towards Arrington and other African American leaders in the city. In 1990, the FBI and IRS began looking into Arrington again. Many of Arrington's records, including charities he had donated to, were subpoenaed by a federal grand jury. Marjorie Peters, a city consultant, was convicted of defrauding the city. The press, along with the U.S. Attorney Frank Donaldson, painted her as conspiring with the mayor. An ex-partner of Arrington testified in Peters' case that he had bribed the mayor for city contracts. In 1993, however, Peters conviction was overturned and Arrington's logs showed he never met with his ex-partner. In 1992, Arrington refused to give up his personal logs to the investigation, claiming the logs would give the FBI, IRS, and U.S. Attorney the ability to fabricate a more believable story and conviction. On January 23 of that year, the mayor was sent to prison for two days at Maxwell Airforce Base in Montgomery, Alabama for his refusal to give up his records. Once U.S. Attorney Frank Donaldson was asked to step down in March 1992, Arrington gave up his records and promised full cooperation to Donaldson's replacement, Jack Selden. The resulting investigation found no evidence of the mayor taking bribes or being involved in illegal activity. ==See also==