Hedd Wyn

Ellis Humphrey Evans was born on 13 January 1887 at Penlan, a house in the centre of Trawsfynydd, Meirionydd, Wales. He was the eldest of eleven children born to Evan and Mary Evans. In the spring of 1887, the family moved to his father's family hill-farm of , in , a few miles from Trawsfynydd. He spent his life there, apart from a short stint in South Wales. Ellis Evans received a basic education from the age of six at the local primary school and Sunday school. He left school around 14 years of age and worked as a shepherd on his father's farm. Despite his brief attendance in formal schooling (6–14) he had a talent for poetry and had already composed his first poem by the age of 11, "" ('the peat stack'). Ellis's interests included both Welsh and English poetry. His main influence was the Romantic poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley, and themes of nature and religion dominated his work. == ==

His talent for poetry was well known in the village of Trawsfynydd, and he took part in numerous competitions and local , winning his first chair () at Bala in 1907, aged 20. In 1910, he was given the bardic name by the bard at a poets' meeting in Blaenau Ffestiniog. is Welsh for peace and can mean white or pure; this 'blessed peace' also alluded to the way rays of sunlight penetrated the mists in the Meirionydd valleys. was the bardic name of Evans's older friend Humphrey Jones (1867–1947), a quarryman from Blaenau Ffestiniog; in his lifetime, Jones published two volumes of poetry, won more than 60 bardic chairs and was an compère. Jones said he bestowed on Evans because he had the manner of a dreamer who moved slowly and calmly. Another close friend of was the clergyman and writer R. Silyn Roberts, who was known as . In 1913, 26-year-old began to find fame for his poetry when he won chairs at the local at and . In 1915 he was successful at local in and . That same year he entered his first poem (an ode to Snowdonia) in the National Eisteddfod of Wales which was held in Bangor, Gwynedd. The following year he took second place at the National Eisteddfod in Aberystwyth with , an awdl written in honour of Strata Florida, the medieval Cistercian abbey ruins in Ceredigion. ==First World War==

Hedd Wyn was a Christian pacifist and did not enlist for the war initially, feeling he could never kill anyone. The war left Welsh non-conformists deeply divided. Traditionally, the Nonconformists had not been comfortable at all with the idea of warfare. The war saw a major clash within Welsh Nonconformism between those who backed military action and those who adopted a pacifist stance on religious grounds. The war inspired Hedd Wyn's work and produced some of his most noted poetry, including ('Children of Trawsfynydd'), ('The Black Dot'), and ('[It] Will Not Be Forgotten'). His poem, ('War'), remains one of his most frequently quoted works. Conscription " recruitment poster from 1914. Although farm work was classed as a reserved occupation due its national importance, in 1916, the Evans family were required to send one of their sons to join the British Army. The 29-year-old Ellis enlisted rather than his younger brother Robert. In February 1917, he received his training at Litherland Camp, Liverpool, but in March 1917 the government called for farm workers to help with ploughing and many soldiers were temporarily released. Hedd Wyn was given seven weeks' leave. He spent most of this leave working on the ('The Hero'), his submission for the National Eisteddfod. According to his nephew, Gerald Williams, "It was a wet year in 1917. He came back for 14 days' leave and wrote the poem, , on the table by the fire. As it was such a wet year, he stayed for another seven days. This extra seven days made him a deserter. So the military police came to fetch him from the hayfield and took him to the jail at Blaenau. From there he travelled to... the war in Belgium. Because he left in such a hurry he forgot the poem on the table, so he wrote it again on the journey. So there are two copies: one in Aberystwyth and one in Bangor." In June 1917, Hedd Wyn joined the 15th (Service) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (1st London Welsh) (part of the 38th (Welsh) Division) at Fléchin, France. His arrival depressed him, as exemplified in his quote, "Heavy weather, heavy soul, heavy heart. That is an uncomfortable trinity, isn’t it?" Nevertheless, at Fléchin he finished his National Eisteddfod entry and signed it “Fleur de Lis”. It is believed it was sent via the Royal Mail around the end of June. On 31 July, 15th Battalion marched towards the major offensive which would become known as the Battle of Passchendaele. Third Battle of Ypres and death , Boezinge, Belgium. Hedd Wyn was fatally wounded within the first few hours of the start of the Third Battle of Ypres on 31 July, 1917. He fell during the Battle of Pilckem Ridge which had begun at 3:50 a.m. with a heavy bombardment of the German lines (this was the opening attack in what became known as Battle of Passchendaele). However, the troops' advance was hampered by incoming artillery and machine gun fire, and by heavy rain turning the battlefield to swamp. Private Evans, as part of the 15th (Service) Battalion (1st London Welsh), was advancing towards a German strongpoint – created within the ruins of the Belgian hamlet of Hagebos ("Iron Cross") – when he was hit. In an interview conducted in 1975 by St Fagans National History Museum, Simon Jones, a veteran of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, recalled, "We started over Canal Bank at Ypres, and he was killed half way across Pilckem. I've heard many say that they were with and this and that, well I was with him... I saw him fall and I can say that it was a nosecap shell in his stomach that killed him. You could tell that... He was going in front of me, and I saw him fall on his knees and grab two fistfuls of dirt... He was dying, of course... There were stretcher bearers coming up behind us, you see. There was nothing – well, you'd be breaking the rules if you went to help someone who was injured when you were in an attack." Soon after being wounded, Hedd Wyn was carried to a first-aid post. Still conscious, he asked the doctor "Do you think I will live?" though it was clear that he had little chance of surviving; he died at about 11:00 a.m. Among the fatalities that day was the Irish war poet, Francis Ledwidge, who was "blown to bits" while drinking tea in a shell hole. Ellis H. Evans was buried in Section II, Row F, Grave 11 at Artillery Wood Cemetery, near Boezinge. After a petition was submitted to the Imperial War Graves Commission after the war, his headstone was given the additional words (English: "The Chief Bard, "). ==Legacy==

National Eisteddfod On 6 September 1917, the ceremony of Chairing of the Bard took place at the National Eisteddfod in Birkenhead Park, England; in attendance was the Welsh-speaking British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. After the adjudicators announced that the entry submitted under the pseudonym Fleur de Lys was the winner, the trumpets were sounded for the author to identify themselves. After three such summons, Archdruid Dyfed solemnly announced that the winner had been killed in action six weeks earlier. The empty chair was then draped in a black sheet. It was delivered to Evans's parents in the same condition, "the festival in tears and the poet in his grave", as Archdruid Dyfed said. The festival is now referred to as "" ("The Eisteddfod of the Black Chair"). The chair was hand-crafted by Flemish craftsman, Eugeen Vanfleteren (1880–1950), a carpenter born in Mechelen, Belgium, who had fled to England on the outbreak of war and had settled in Birkenhead. According to historian Jan Morris, "Hedd Wyn became a legend, a symbol, and an inspiration to other poets. 'The Black Chair of Birkenhead' was taken sadly home to Gwynedd, to be placed with the other trophies of Hedd Wyn's short life in the family farm above the Bala road, and there we may visit it still. It has never been forgotten. A constant stream of visitors, patriots, poets, groups of schoolchildren, winds its way up the long farm drive, in the lee of the hills, to the old house among its clumped trees. It stands there all alone looking out magnificently over bare hills to the ramparts of Eryri in the distance – the very epitome of a Welsh view, all grandeur tinged with melancholy. The Black Chair is kept in a sort of shrine-room, dim-lit and cluttered. Around it three or four other eisteddfod chairs stand in attendance, like sacred stools in an Ashanti temple..." Manuscripts and publications Immediately after the , a committee was formed in to look after the poet's legacy. Under the leadership of J. R. Jones, the head teacher of the village school, all manuscripts in the poet's hand were collected and carefully preserved. Due to the committee's efforts, the first anthology of the bard's work, titled ("The Shepherd's Poems"), was published in 1918. The manuscripts were donated to the National Library of Wales in 1934. , a complete Welsh language anthology of his works, was published by Trawsfynydd's Merilang Press in 2012. The poem ("The Hero"), for which Hedd Wyn won the National Eisteddfod, is still considered his greatest work. The ode is structured in four parts and presents two principal characters, ("Daughter of the Tempests") and the . There has been much disagreement in the past regarding the meaning of the ode. It can be said with certainty that , like his favourite poet Shelley, longed for a perfect humanity and a perfect world during the chaos of war. has been perceived as a symbol of love, the beauty of nature, and creativity; and as a symbol of goodness, fairness, freedom, and justice. It is wished that through his sacrifice, and his union with at the end of the ode, a better age will come. and . A bronze statue of Hedd Wyn, dressed as a shepherd, was unveiled by his mother in the centre of the village in 1923. It bears an englyn which Hedd Wyn had written in memory of a slain friend, Tommy Morris. Evans's bardic chair is on permanent display at his family's hill farm, . The property was preserved just as it was in 1917 by the poet's family and his nephew Gerald Williams (d. 2021), who was the last of his relatives to live on the farm. For years, Gerald and his brother Ellis continued to farm the land surrounding the farmhouse as custodians of both and ’s legacy, welcoming visitors and working to ensure ’s story lived on. In 2012, fourteen years after Ellis's death, Gerald decided it was time to pass on the custodianship of to the Snowdonia National Park Authority. The Park Authority, with support from the Welsh Government and the National Lottery, announced on St David's Day 2012 that it had acquired the Grade II*-listed farmstead and its surrounding lands for the Welsh nation. The Authority's objectives are to protect and preserve the site while enhancing the visitor experience in order to share the story of Hedd Wyn. In the same year, Gerald Williams was awarded an MBE for his "exceptional contribution" to conserving the heritage of his bardic uncle. Centennial commemorations In August 2014, the Welsh Memorial Park, Ypres was unveiled at Pilckem Ridge near Ypres. The war memorial stands close to the spot where Hedd Wyn was mortally wounded in July 1917 during the Battle of Passchendaele. It was presented to the Welsh Government at a special service of remembrance at Birkenhead Park in September 2017. A memorial to the poet was also unveiled in the park, the site of the 1917 National Eisteddfod. In November 2017, as part of the annual British Armistice commemorations, a video installation commemorating the life of was beamed onto the exterior walls of the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. The work was the culmination of a project involving more than 800 schoolchildren and adults at primary and secondary schools across Wales which looked at the life and legacy of the poet. ==In popular culture==

Film The anti-war biopic was released in 1992. The film, which starred Huw Garmon as the poet, is based on a screenplay by Alan Llwyd. It depicts as a tragic hero who has an intense dislike of the wartime ultranationalism which surrounds him and his doomed struggle to avoid conscription. In 1993, won the Royal Television Society's Television Award for Best Single Drama. It became the first British motion picture to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards in 1993. In 1994, at the newly inaugurated BAFTA Cymru Awards, it won in six categories: Best Director (Paul Turner), Best Design (by Jane Roberts and Martin Morley), Best Drama – Welsh (Shan Davies and Paul Turner), Best Editor (Chris Lawrence), Best Original Music (John E.R. Hardy) and Best Screenwriter – Welsh (Alan Llwyd). Literature The Black Chair, a 2009 novel for young people by Phil Carradice, is based on the life of . In July 2017, published An Empty Chair, a novel for young people telling the story of as seen from the point of view of his teenage sister, Anni (mother of Gerald Williams). It is an adaptation by of her prize-winning Welsh-language novel, . Music The track "Halflife" on the 2015 album Everyone Was a Bird by avant garde electronica group Grasscut references as a figure in the history of , merging his presence with that of the reactors of the Trawsfynydd nuclear power station. Opera The 2017 opera , with music by Stephen McNeff and libretto by Gruff Rhys, was inspired by the life of Hedd Wyn; set in the year 2117, it imagines a group of schoolchildren in a post-apocalyptic Trawsfynydd learning about the life and work of the poet. It was recorded by Records and released in 2022. == Notes ==