Drafting is used to reduce
wind resistance and is seen most commonly in
bicycle racing,
motorcycle racing,
car racing, and
speedskating, though drafting is occasionally used even in
cross-country skiing,
downhill skateboarding, and
running. Some forms of
triathlon allow drafting. Drafting occurs in
swimming as well: both in open-water races (occurring in natural bodies of water) and in traditional races in
competition pools. In a competition pool a swimmer may hug the lane line that separates them from the swimmer they are
abaft of thereby taking advantage of the liquid slipstream in the other swimmer's wake. Drafting also occurs in competitive
longboarding. It is believed, but not yet conclusively proven, that
thoroughbred racing horses draft each other, especially in longer races.
Cycling In
cycling, any time one bicyclist is riding behind another, energy is conserved, especially at higher speeds. In
road bicycle racing, the main (largest) group of tightly packed cyclists in a race is called a
peloton where cyclists ride in a long formation with each (but not the first rider) drafting behind the others before them. When cyclists ride fast they form a
paceline. Each cyclist, except the first, is drafting behind another one. In order to ride very fast, a team of some skilled cyclists may form the "Belgian tourniquet". Successively, each cyclist leads the group. Drafting can be
cooperative: several competitors take turns in the lead position (which requires the most effort and energy consumption). It can also be
competitive or
tactical: one competitor will try to stay closely behind another, leaving the follower with more energy for a break-away push to the finish line.
Running Drafting behind another runner can conserve energy when facing a
headwind. Generally the effect is much less pronounced than in cycling due to lower speeds.
Nike worked with the aerodynamics expert
Robby Ketchell at the University of New Hampshire to experiment with and select a formation of
pacemakers that would best minimize drag on the professionals it sponsored in the project it termed
Breaking2. A
Wired magazine report that interviewed various experts affiliated and unaffiliated with Nike found they universally expected more coordinated pacing efforts to occur in running after Breaking2, with two of the quoted experts predicting that behavior like "cooperative drafting", or races that incentivize cycling-peloton-like behavior could improve running times.
Motorsport Road racing In single seater,
open wheel racing series such as
Formula One and the
IndyCar Series, as well as to a lesser extent in
sports car racing, a technique known as
slipstreaming is used. Along a long straight a car following close behind another uses the slipstream created by the lead car to close the gap between them, hoping to be able to overtake the leader under braking for the next corner, or if they have a straightline speed advantage, to pass on the straight. However it is very difficult for cars to follow each other close together in fast corners as the "dirty" (
turbulent) air that comes off the lead car unbalances the trailing car as its aerodynamic devices provide less grip.
Stock car racing utilizing the slipstream of leader
Kyle Busch On the faster speedways and superspeedways used by
NASCAR and
ARCA, two or more vehicles can race faster when lined up front-to-rear than a single car can race alone. The low-pressure wake behind a group's leading car reduces the aerodynamic resistance on the front of the trailing car, allowing the second car to pull closer. As the second car nears the first, it pushes high-pressure air forward so less fast-moving air hits the lead car's spoiler. The result is less drag for both cars, allowing faster speeds. Handling in corners is affected by balance changes caused by the draft: the leading car has normal front downforce but less rear downforce. The trailing car has less front downforce but normal rear downforce. A car with drafting partners both ahead and behind will lose downforce at both ends. Like Johnson, other drivers found they picked up speed running closely behind other cars, and as they experimented, they found that a line of cars could sustain higher speeds and/or use less fuel (resulting in fewer pit-stops) than a single car running by itself.
Bump drafting Drafting is most important at NASCAR's
restrictor plate tracks,
Talladega Superspeedway,
Daytona International Speedway, and
Atlanta Motor Speedway where the plates mean that much less power is available to push the large bodies through the air. Race cars reach their highest speeds on these superspeedways, so the aerodynamic forces are highest and the effects of drafting are strongest. Since restrictor plates were first used as a safety device, their effect has changed the nature of drafting. Vehicles no longer have sufficient horsepower or throttle response to maintain their drafting speeds upon exiting the draft; they can pull out and squeeze ahead but lack the response to clear the car being passed. This negates the slingshot maneuver. As a result, passing is often the result of cooperation between two or more drivers or is achieved by sucking air off the side of the car being passed, a technique called side-drafting. Bump drafting is a tactic used at Talladega and Daytona. The technique was initially popularized by the Archer Brothers in the
SCCA Sportruck series during the late 1980s. It begins as normal drafting, but the following car pulls up behind the lead car and bumps into the rear of it, pushing the lead car ahead, to maintain
momentum. If done roughly or in the wrong position (e.g. close to the entry of the turn), this tactic can destabilize the handling of the lead car, sometimes causing a crash. Use of the tactic in this manner is known as
slam drafting. Due to the danger, NASCAR has attempted to limit the bracing on bumpers on cars, disallowed bump drafting in turns, introduced "no bump zones" on certain portions of speedways where this practice is prevalent, and penalized drivers who are too rough in bump drafting. The 2010 NASCAR season allowed drivers more freedom; bump drafting was allowed anywhere, including turns.
Kyle Busch is largely responsible for a different type of bump drafting, which is now referred to as "two-car drafting" and "tandem drafting". This strategy had also been very prominent at Talladega. In 2011, two-car tandem drafting was used for the extent of the
Aaron's 499, with many drivers drafting their own teammates (e.g.,
Jimmie Johnson and
Dale Earnhardt Jr. drafted together, as did
Jeff Gordon and
Mark Martin). For the 2012 season, the Sprint Cup series cars were modified in a way that made the tandem impossible, in order to return to pack racing. In 2014, bump drafting was banned by NASCAR in the
Nationwide Series and
Camping World Truck Series. Tandem drafting made a return when NASCAR removed the restrictor plate and replaced them with tapered spacers, and with the flat noses and bumpers of the modern Gen 6 cars, drivers could more easily tandem and gain speed, much like the early 2010s. After Ryan Newman's scary crash in the
2020 Daytona 500, NASCAR made efforts to change drafting at superspeedways, where less horsepower was used: the removal of aero ducts to eliminate tandem drafting and decrease closing rates, and a smaller throttle body to lower the amount of air into a racecar. ==Tailgating and hypermiling==