Fortune was born in 1812 in the small settlement or "fermtoun" of Kelloe in the parish of
Edrom,
Berwickshire. After completing his apprenticeship, he was then employed at Moredun House, just to the south of
Edinburgh, before then moving on to the
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. In 1840, he and his family moved to London to take up a position at the
Horticultural Society of London's garden at
Chiswick. Following the
Treaty of Nanking in 1842, in early 1843, he was commissioned by the Horticultural Society to undertake a three-year plant collection expedition to southern China. His travels resulted in the introduction to Europe, Australia, and North America of many flowers and plants. His most famous accomplishment was the successful introduction, although it was not the first by any means, of Chinese tea plants (
Camellia sinensis), along with skilled tea makers, from China to India in 1848 on behalf of the
British East India Company. Robert Fortune worked in China for several years in the period from 1843 to 1861. in Fujian Province, one of the important tea regions to which Fortune travelled. Similar to other European travellers of the period, such as
Walter Medhurst, Fortune disguised himself as a Chinese merchant during several, but not all, of his journeys beyond the newly established
treaty port areas. Not only was Fortune's purchase of tea plants reportedly forbidden by the
Chinese government of the time, but his travels were also beyond the allowable
day's journey from the European treaty ports. Fortune travelled to some areas of China that had seldom been visited by Europeans, including remote areas of
Fujian,
Guangdong, and
Jiangsu provinces. Fortune employed many means to obtain plants and seedlings from local tea growers, although this was some 150 years before international biodiversity laws recognised state ownership of such natural resources. He is also known for his use of
Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward's portable
Wardian cases to sustain the plants. It is also widely reported that he took skilled workers on contract to India who would facilitate the production of tea in the plantations of the
East India Company. With the exception of a few plants that survived in established Indian gardens, most of the Chinese tea plants Fortune introduced in the northwestern provinces of India perished. The other reason for the failure in India was that the British preference and fashion was for a strong dark tea brew, which was best made from the local
Assam subspecies (
Camellia sinensis var.
assamica) and not the selection that Fortune had made in China. The technology and knowledge that was brought over from China was, however, instrumental in the later flourishing of the Indian tea industry in Assam and
Sri Lanka. In subsequent journeys, he visited Formosa (
Taiwan) and Japan, and described the culture of the
silkworm and the manufacture of rice. He introduced many trees, shrubs, and flowers to the West, including the
cumquat, a climbing double yellow
rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn. Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate), and many varieties of tree
peonies,
azaleas and
chrysanthemums. A climbing white rose that he brought back from China in 1850, believed to be a natural cross between
Rosa laevigata and
R. banksiae, was dubbed
R. fortuniana (syn.
R. fortuneana) in his honour. This rose, too, proved a failure in England, preferring warmer climates. Today, both of these roses are still widely grown by antique rose fanciers in mild winter regions.
Rosa fortuniana also serves as a valuable
rootstock in Australia and the southern regions of the United States. He related his travels in a series of books. He died in London in 1880, and is buried in
Brompton Cemetery. ==Legacy==