Interbellum After the end of
World War I, on 1 December 1918, the Romanian National Council (elected representatives of the Romanian population) and soon afterwards, the representatives of the German population had decided
to unify with Romania. The decision was contested by the Hungarian minority. The
Hungarian–Romanian War of 1918–1919 established Romanian control over
Transylvania, while the
Treaty of Trianon of 1920 determined the Romanian border with the new Hungarian state. However, Transylvania had a large Hungarian minority of 39%, according to the 1910 census. A portion of them fled to
Hungary after the union; however, most of them remained in Romania, and by the 1930s, their number increased to 26.7% of the whole Transylvanian population. The increase in the proportion of the Hungarian minority in Transylvania was induced by the immigration of the Hungarians from Hungary and by the significant improvement of living standards of the Hungarian minority in Romania compared with those of the interwar Hungarian population. While Romania included large national minorities, the
1923 Constitution declared the country to be a
nation-state, following the French model which was popular in many European nations at that time. After the dissolution of
Austria-Hungary, the post-war mass actions undertaken by the Romanian authorities were primarily directed against the Hungarian aristocracy and, at times, the Jews. The takeover did not happen without impacting the cultural and economic life of the Hungarians. While, in accordance with the Agricultural Act of 1921, a number of Hungarian estates and lands were confiscated, the land reform openly favored the Romanians, the national group which used to be the victims of the unjust land allocation systems in place during Hungarian rule. Although Romania won the war, the anti-Hungarian sentiments were not remitted. During the 1930s, in response to
Hungarian irredentism, anti-revisionist demonstrations began in Romania, supported by Nationalist newspapers like
Universul. After a particularly violent protest in
Cluj, Foreign Minister
Nicolae Titulescu officially condemned the events in Bucharest newspapers. In August 1940, during
World War II,
Northern Transylvania was annexed by
Hungary as a result of the
Second Vienna Award, leaving
Southern Transylvania to Romania. After the
coup d'état of 23 August 1944, Romania left the
Axis and joined the
Allies, and, as such, fought together with the
Soviet Union's
Red Army against
Nazi Germany and Hungary, regaining Northern Transylvania. During the fall of 1944, after the withdrawal of the Hungarian military forces and administration from Transylvania, the
Székely Land was engaged and pillaged by the Romanian Gendarmerie and volunteers. However, on 12 November 1944, the Soviets expelled the returning Romanian authorities from Northern Transylvania with reference to the massacres committed by members of
Iuliu Maniu's so-called
Maniu Guard, and the Romanian administration was not allowed to return until the communist-led government of
Petru Groza was formed on 6 March 1945. The Hungarian-Romanian conflicts in 1940 and 1944 are still controversial.
After the Second World War From 1947, the Romanian authorities gradually eliminated the wartime Hungarian institutions, after the Treaty of Trianon borders had been restored at the
Paris Peace Treaties of 1947. However, Hungary was a
Communist country as well; after the
Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Hungarians in Transylvania were often accused of separatism and revisionism, and the majority of Hungarian intellectual and spiritual leaders, including Catholic bishop
Áron Márton, were arrested and imprisoned for years. On the other hand, during the Communist era, the former civil organization possibilities of the interwar period were eliminated. After 1948, the
industrialization of towns doubled or even tripled the number of inhabitants in some urban areas, most of the newcomers being ethnic Romanians from the rural areas. The
urbanization policy, a natural phenomenon tied to economic development and the intention of transforming a predominantly agrarian country into an industrialized one, was followed throughout Romania, including in areas inhabited by minorities. By the late 1950s, the regime of
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej increasingly manipulated Romanian nationalism as a popular legitimizing device, applying more repressive policies toward the Hungarian minority. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the
Magyar Autonomous Region was dissolved and most key posts were filled by loyal Romanians. The event was marked by the suicide of several Hungarian professors. The remaining minority "privileges" were lost; Hungarian representation in the local bureaucracies was limited to the proportion of Hungarians in the total population. Also, about 50,000
Jews who survived the
Holocaust emigrated to
Israel on similar terms. These mass emigrations were, however, an example of positive discrimination towards the German and Jewish populations, as the rest of the Transylvanian population (Romanians, Hungarians, Romas) had no opportunity to take part in this economically-driven emigration. Romanianization was less sustained in the compact
Székely areas of south-eastern Transylvania (the
Székely Land), where in 2002, Hungarians made up around 61% of the population. The capital city of the former
Magyar Autonomous Region (covering mostly the Székely areas) is an exception: the percentage of Hungarians in
Târgu Mureş decreased to 46%, as the industrialization of the city led many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) to move into the city.
Recent events In the aftermath of the
Romanian Revolution of 1989, ethnic-based political parties were constituted by both the Hungarians, who founded the
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, and by the Romanian Transylvanians, who founded the
Romanian National Unity Party. Ethnic conflicts, however, never occurred on a significant scale, even though some violent clashes, such as the
Târgu Mureș events of March 1990, did take place shortly after the
fall of the Ceaușescu regime. In 1995, a basic treaty on the relations between Hungary and Romania was signed. In the treaty, Hungary renounced all territorial claims to Transylvania, and Romania reiterated its respect for the rights of its minorities. Relations between the two countries improved as Romania and Hungary became members of the
European Union in the 2000s. The
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) is the major representative of Hungarians in Romania, and is a member of the
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. The aim of the UDMR is to achieve local government, cultural and territorial autonomy and the right to self-determination for Hungarians. UDMR is a member of the
European Democrat Union (EDU) and the
European People's Party (EPP). Since 1996, the UDMR has been a member or supporter of every governmental coalition. Political agreements have brought the gradual implementation of Hungarian in everyday life: Public Administration Law 215/2002 stipulates "the use of national minority languages in public administration in settlements where minorities exceed 20% of the population"; minority ethnics will receive a copy of the documents in Romanian and a translation in their language; however, official documents are preserved by the local administration in Romanian only; local administration will provide inscriptions for the names of localities and public institutions under their authority, and display public interest announcements in the native language of the citizens of the respective ethnic minority under the same 20% rule. Even though Romania co-signed the European laws for protecting minorities' rights, the implementation has not proved satisfactory to all members of the Hungarian community. There is a movement by Hungarians both for an increase in autonomy and distinct cultural development. Initiatives proposed by various Hungarian political organizations include the creation of an "autonomous region" in the counties that form the
Székely region (
Székelyföld), roughly corresponding to the territory of the former
Magyar Autonomous Region, as well as the historical
Székely Land that had been abolished by the Hungarian government in the second half of the 19th century, and the re-establishment of an independent state-funded Hungarian-language university. However, the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania has been seen as a model of cultural and ethnic diversity in the
Balkan area: In an address to the American people,
President Bill Clinton asked in the midst of the
air war in Kosovo:
Who is going to define the future of this part the world... Slobodan Milošević, with his propaganda machine and paramilitary forces which compel people to give up their country, identity, and property, or a state like Romania which has built a democracy respecting the rights of ethnic minorities? The process is, with a lower intensity, active even today, irrespective of the political affiliation of the current government, partly because each party uses the ethnic minorities as scapegoats for their own electoral benefit. The measures include: • the appointment of openly nationalist politicians or former military officials in leading public functions in Hungarian-majority areas, • punishment of public use of the Hungarian national symbols of the Hungarian minority, • stigmatization of minority organisations by the press and government officials as enemies of the state, • withdrawal of state decorations from people publicly talking about minority rights abuses of the Romanian state. ==Policies toward the Ukrainian minority in Romania==