The growth of rugby in Wales 1850-1900 Rugby-like games have a long history in Wales, with games such as
cnapan being played for centuries. Rugby seems to have reached Wales in 1850, when the Reverend Professor Rowland Williams brought the game with him from
Cambridge to
St. David's College,
Lampeter, which fielded the first Welsh rugby team that same year. Rugby initially expanded in Wales through ex-pupils of the Welsh colleges settling, or students from English colleges and universities returning to the larger industrial hubs of South Wales. This is reflected in the first clubs to embrace the sport in the early to mid-1870s, with
Neath RFC widely recognised as the first Welsh club. The strength of Welsh rugby developed over the following years, which could be attributed to the 'big four' South Wales clubs of
Newport (who lost only seven games under the captaincy of
Llewellyn Lloyd between the 1900/01 and 1902/03 seasons),
Cardiff,
Llanelli (who lost just twice in 1894 and 1895) and
Swansea. With the coming of industrialisation and the railways, rugby too was spread as workers from the main cities brought the game to the new steel and coal towns of south Wales.
Merthyr formed in 1876,
Brecon in 1874,
Penygraig in 1877; as the towns adopted the new sport they reflected the growth and expansion of a new industrial Wales. In the 19th century as well as the established clubs there were many '
scratch' teams populating most towns, informal pub or social teams that would form and disband quickly. Llanelli, as an example, in the 1880s was home not only to Llanelli RFC, but also to Gower Road, Seasiders, Morfa Rangers, Prospect Place Rovers, Wern Foundry, Cooper Mills Rangers, New Dock Strollers, Vauxhall Juniors, Moonlight Rovers and Gilbert Street Rovers. These teams would come and go, but some would merge into more settled clubs which exist today, Cardiff RFC was itself formed from three teams, Glamorgan, Tredegarville and Wanderers Football Clubs. The South Wales Football Club was established in 1875 to try to incorporate a standard set of rules and expand the sport and this was succeeded by the
Welsh Football Union which was formed in 1881. With the forming of the WFU (which would become the Welsh Rugby Union in 1934),
Wales began competing in recognised international matches, with the first game, against
England, also in
1881. The first Welsh team although fairly diverse in the geography of the clubs represented, did not appear to truly represent the strength available to Wales. The team was mainly made up of ex-Cambridge and Oxford university graduates and the selection was heavily criticised in the local press after the crushing defeat by England. With the introduction of specialised players like hooker
George Travers, the WFU could no longer choose the 'best players' to represent Wales, they needed to think tactically and choose people who could do a specific job on the pitch. This period of Welsh rugby would see the grip of the 'Big Four' clubs providing the bulk of national players, slip slightly. The WFU still tended to turn to the likes of Swansea and Newport to supply the skillful back players and usually kept club half-back pairings together such as
Jones and
Owen of Swansea. But it was the introduction of the 'Rhondda Forward' which saw men who worked day in day out in the coal, iron and tin mines enter the Welsh front row. Chosen for their strength and aggressive tackling, players such as
Dai 'Tarw' Jones from
Treherbert and
Dai Evans from Penygraig added muscle to the front row. Although a progressive time for international rugby, this period initially saw regression for many of the club sides in the form of the
temperance movement. In the early 1900s, rugby was seen as a wicked temptation to the young men of the mining and steel communities, leading to violence and drink, and the valley areas in particular were part of a strong Nonconformist Baptist movement. The
religious revival saw some communities completely reject rugby and local clubs, like
Senghenydd, disbanded for several years. It wasn't until the 1910s that the social view of rugby would change the other way, fostered by mine owners as a great social unifier; and like baseball in America would be portrayed as a '...source of community integration because it installed civic pride'. Unlike the game in England, rugby union in Wales was never seen as a sport for gentlemen of higher learning. Although this was fostered in the first international Welsh team, the fast absorption of the sport into the working class areas appeared to sever the link of rugby as a sport for the middle and upper classes. As rugby became linked with the hard working men of the industrialised areas of Wales, it should also be noted that the sport did not escape the hardships of the industries. In 1913 five members of the Senghenydd team were killed in Britain's worst
colliery disaster and many more lost their lives in the 'slow drip' of deaths caused by the industries. Far worse was to follow during the conflict of World War I when many teams lost members, including Welsh internationals like
Charlie Pritchard and
Johnny Williams.
Post-war Welsh rugby 1920-1930 The 1920s were a difficult time for Welsh rugby. The first golden period was over and the players that made up the teams that won four Triple Crowns had already disbanded before the Great War. The war could not be blamed for the downturn in Welsh fortunes as all the home nations lost their young talent in equal numbers. The fact that so many of Wales' talented stars had retired from rugby before 1910 was felt when Wales failed to win the tournament in the few years leading up to the war. But the main reason for Welsh failure on the rugby pitch can be mapped to an economic failures of Wales as a country. The First World War had created an unrealistic demand for coal, and in the 1920s the collapse in the need for coal resulted in a massive level of unemployment throughout the south Wales valleys. This in turn led to mass emigration as people left Wales for work. The knock-on effect was felt in the port cities of Newport and Cardiff, that relied on the transportation of coal. Suddenly the call of the professional league was a very strong draw to men who could not claim money for playing union. Between 1919 and 1939, Forty-eight capped Welsh rugby union players joined league rugby. The fact that the equivalent of three full national squads left the sport can only allude to the number of trialists and club members that also left the sport. Exceptional players lost to the league game included
Jim Sullivan of Cardiff,
William Absalom of
Abercarn and
Emlyn Jenkins of
Treorchy.
Haverfordwest disbanded from 1926–29,
Pembroke Dock Quins were reduced to 5 members by 1927 and in the valleys the Treherbert,
Llwynypia and Nantyffyllon clubs had vanished before 1930. Even clubs of the size of
Pontypool were not spared; in 1927 they were playing and beating the
Waratahs and the
Maoris, by 1930 they were £2,000 in debt and facing bankruptcy. Another reason for the fall in the Welsh union game can be placed on the improvement of
football in Wales. Traditionally seen as a game more associated with North Wales, the success of
Cardiff Football Club in the 1920s was a strong draw for many supporters. With two F.A. Cup Finals in 1925 and 1927, Cardiff were making the once unpopular sport of 'soccer' very fashionable, for fans and sportsmen alike. The Scarlets had an unswerving loyalty shown by their home supporters, who were repaid by exciting, high scoring matches. including
Albert Jenkins,
Ivor Jones and
Archie Skym. Apart from a few sporadic victories from the national team, there appeared little to cheer about in the 1920s for Welsh rugby at club or country level; but the seeds of recovery were being planted during the same decade. On June 9, 1923 the Welsh Secondary Schools Rugby Union was established in Cardiff. Founded by Dr R Chalke, head of Porth Secondary School with WRU members
Horace Lyne as president and
Eric Evans as secretary. Over the coming years, schools such as
Cardiff High School, Llanelli County School, Llandovery and
Christ College, Brecon fostered a generation of players which would fill the Welsh ranks over the coming years. Wales had in effect begun to mimic the systems adopted by England and Scotland, that rugby should be nurtured from youth, through adolescence to adulthood. The 1920s closed with the formation of the West Wales Rugby Union, an event that initially appeared to be a positive indication of growth, but in fact the union was formed by western clubs to wrest control away from the WRU. The West Wales clubs had become disenchanted in decisions made by their parent body and believed the Union had no interest in the lower tier clubs, allowing them to become mere feeders for the bigger clubs.
The Welsh revival 1930-1939 The 1930s began on a high for Welsh international rugby, with success in the Home Nations Championship and the emergence of a strong Welsh team. In the
1931 Championship Wales beat Ireland at
Ravenhill in a bruising affair that not only gave Wales the title but denied Ireland the Triple Crown. This may have signaled a change in fortunes in Welsh rugby but underneath the same problems that dogged Wales throughout the 1920s still remained. Wales was still suffering the effects of the depression and club rugby was struggling to survive. Even the WRU had problems, as it faced the fact that it was the only home union without their own ground. The Cardiff Arms was leased and
St Helens was on loan. From what at first appears to be yet another decade of turmoil for Welsh rugby, is actually regarded as a period of revival. The economic situation began turning from 1937, the WSSRU was bringing many exciting backs through the school system, North Wales embraced the game and the national team won two morale lifting games against England in 1933 and the All Blacks in 1935. From a statistical point of view, the Welsh national team appeared to be winning roughly the same number of games throughout the 1930s as the poor 1920s period, but Wales were actually improving. In the 1920s most Welsh victories were against
France, then the weakest team in the Five Nations Championship; but in 1931 France were excluded from the tournament over accusations of professionalism at club level and were not readmitted until after the 1939 tournament, just before international rugby was suspended because of the Second World War. Welsh victories were now coming against the more established home nation teams. During this period, Wales won three Championships, but its greatest victory happened during the
1933 tournament when they finished last. Since its first international game in 1910, Wales had failed to beat England at
Twickenham in nine attempts. Now dubbed the 'Twickenham bogey', it took the self confidence of Cardiff's
Ronnie Boon to break the losing streak as he scored a try and a drop goal to take the match 7-3. The game also saw the debut of two players who would become Welsh greats,
Wilf Wooller and
Vivian Jenkins. Wales played host to two touring Southern Hemisphere teams in the 1930s, first came
Bennie Osler's
South Africa followed by
Jack Manchester's
All Blacks. The
South Africans were rampant in Wales, winning the test match and all six club matches, though gained few supporters due to the kicking tactics Osler employed. The New Zealander's received a better welcome, and after the
previous tour where the tourist went unbeaten the Welsh press were hoping for a return of the spirit that won the first encounter in 1905. Before the match with Wales, New Zealand were to face eight club teams over six games. After winning the opening three English county matches and then beating a joint
Abertillery and
Cross Keys the All Blacks were showing the same form shown in their first two tours, but then stumbled against Swansea. Swansea were not in a period of particular growth and the only two players showing any flair were Wales Schoolboy players
Willie Davies and
Haydn Tanner. During the game
Merv Corner could not contain the attacking bursts from Tanner, the New Zealand flankers were drawn in which in turned allowed Davies the freedom to run which
Claude Davey finished off with two tries. Jack Manchester's response to the Swansea win was to ask the New Zealand press "Tell them we have been beaten, but don't tell them it was by a pair of schoolboys". This win gave Swansea the honour of being the first club team to have beaten all three major Southern Hemisphere touring teams. The All Blacks were unbeaten in the next twenty matches, but lost to Wales in a classic game which Wales managed to win in the last ten minutes of the game after the Welsh hooker,
Don Tarr, was stretchered off with a broken neck.
Post-war Welsh rugby 1945-1959 The post-war years saw strong club teams emerge, but it wasn't until the 1950s that a true blend of players could be produced to translate club success into international victories. The coming of television saw an upsurge in popularity for the national team, but a decline in club support. Success was gained in the Five Nations Championship, Wales supplied many players to the ranks of the
British Lions and New Zealand was beaten for the last time that century. The decades following on from the Second World War were a boom time for Welsh rugby, though it took until the 1950s for the benefits to be seen on the playing fields. Although Britain was suffering from a post-war slump, attendance figures at club grounds saw an increase as rugby was again embraced as a spectator sport. Towns and villages which had seen their club disbanded during wartime saw their teams re-established. The WRU had 104 member clubs during the 1946-47 season; by the mid fifties there were 130, even though the Union had done nothing to relax its strict membership regulations. In 1951
Glamorgan Wanderers purchased the Memorial Grounds in Ely and in 1952 Llanelli were able to purchase the rugby portion of
Stradey Park. Similarly, 1954 saw
Blaina construct a new stand while
Llanharan were able to build their first changing rooms procured from RAF surplus units. These events were typical of club expansion through the 50s. It was around this time that club social activities were extended including the introduction of ladies’ committees.
The second golden era 1969-1979 of the famous "Pontypool front row". The zenith of Welsh rugby was the 1970s, when Wales had players such as
Barry John,
Gareth Edwards,
Phil Bennett and
J. P. R. Williams. Wales won four consecutive Triple Crowns. Gareth Edwards was voted the greatest player of all time in a players poll in 2003 and scored what is widely regarded as the greatest try of all time in 1973 for the
Barbarians against
New Zealand.
The start of the professional era: 1980 to 2012 The 1980s and early '90s were a difficult time for Welsh rugby union when the team suffered many defeats. Harsh economic times in the eighties meant that players such as
Jonathan Davies and
Scott Gibbs were tempted to 'go North' to play professional
rugby league in order to earn a living. In 2003/4 the
Welsh Rugby Union voted to create five regions to play in the Celtic League (now the United Rugby Championship) and represent Wales in European competition. This soon became four when the
Celtic Warriors were liquidated after just one season. The WRU have announced their hopes of developing a fifth region in
North Wales in the long run; the team at the centre of this plan is now known as
RGC 1404. In recent years,
Welsh Premier Division and
Welsh Championship club rugby has faced increased financial hardship, with historic clubs at threat. Premiership side Neath RFC had received a now-resolved winding up petition from
HM Revenue and Customs, while Championship team
Pontypool RFC have had to fund-raise from supporters to remain at their ground.
Regional Rugby and future reforms: 2013 to present Created by David Moffat in 2003, Welsh rugby
follows a region system with a top tier composed of four club regions. This arrangement has however faced a number of funding issues in recent years. The regions currently operate on a 2009 Participation Agreement which expires in 2019. The regions in 2013 protested against a new agreement, as they felt it did not offer any funding commitments or clarity regarding competitions such as the
Heineken Cup. to review regional arrangements. Due to the growing strength of French
Top 14 and English
Premiership Rugby sides, the WRU have increased salaries to bring Welsh international players such as
Taulupe Faletau,
Dan Biggar,
Ross Moriarty, and
Rhys Webb back into the Welsh league system. Yet the Union now feel the salary arrangements are unsustainable. The WRU has established the
Professional Rugby Board to handle the proposed changes, composed of representatives from both the WRU and the regions.
Proposal 1 - Merge Scarlets/Ospreys and Blues/Dragons Under one proposal, the region system would decrease from four sides to two. Ospreys and the Scarlets would merge, as would Cardiff Blues and Dragons. Such proposals face widespread opposition from sections of supporters whose local loyalties would prevent them from travelling to traditionally 'rival' grounds to follow their team, standing in the terraces with their bitter rivals. Yet opponents of the proposal have pointed to the struggles of the
Scottish rugby union team in test fixtures since switching to a two-region model dominated by
Edinburgh and
Glasgow Warriors.
Proposal 2 - Ending the Dragons franchise, or move it to North Wales As the poorest performing Welsh region, the WRU have reportedly discussed moving the Dragons to North Wales, or closing it altogether. This would be challenging given the side's contractual commitments, and its guarantees to ground share at
Rodney Parade with
Newport RFC and
EFL League Two side
Newport County A.F.C. until 2021. The WRU have proposed the resulting space then be filled by a North Wales side taking the place of Conwy-based, semi professional
RGC 1404. In recent years Dragons have improved their attendances however, so such a move is considered highly controversial and financially ineffective. threatening their claim to players such as
Alun Wyn Jones and head coach
Allen Clarke. Managing director
Andrew Millward had described the struggle, involving year long budget cuts and structural flaws in the Welsh rugby system, as leaving Wales unable to compete with rivals
IRFU and
FRR. Facing a merger with Cardiff Blues however, Ospreys supporters have pushed back, arguing that the removal of the Ospreys franchise from the Swansea region would leave one of Wales' rugby heartlands without a local regional side, instead forced to travel to their rivals ground at Cardiff Arms Park. Blues supporters also point to the fierce battle their side won to remain in their traditional Cardiff RFC colours and name back in 2003, and are unwilling to adopt a new identity.
Proposal 4 - Merge Ospreys and Scarlets More recent discussions have punted merging western sides Scarlets and Ospreys, with the Llanelli and Swansea teams either sharing grounds or moving fully. Scarlets however opposed such a merger with Ospreys back in 2003, with the late
Stuart Gallacher famously opposed to any arrangement which would have ended the Scarlets name. ==Governing body==