Rustin (film)

In 1960, as the civil rights movement fights for racial equality across the United States, activist Bayard Rustin urges Martin Luther King Jr. to lead a protest ahead of the Democratic National Convention. New York Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. and NAACP leader Roy Wilkins, critical of King's rising popularity and Rustin's influence, threaten to accuse King of a homosexual relationship with the openly gay Rustin, leading to Rustin's resignation from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Three years later, Rustin remains alienated from King and much of the movement, but his commitment to nonviolent action is embraced by many younger activists, including Tom Kahn, his assistant and lover. Planning a large-scale march on Washington, D.C., Rustin enlists the help of A. Philip Randolph, the respected architect of demonstrations that led to such victories as ending racial segregation in the armed forces. Despite support from NAACP organizer Medgar Evers, Wilkins rejects Randolph's and Rustin's plan, and Rustin begins an affair with Elias Taylor, a married organizer and pastor. Violence against demonstrators in Birmingham receives national attention and spurs Rustin to leave his work at the War Resisters League. Evers is assassinated hours after President John F. Kennedy calls for civil rights legislation. Rustin visits King—remembering being assaulted by police himself in 1942 for refusing to move to the back of a bus—and convinces him to support the march. Wilkins continues to object to Rustin's participation due to his reputation, but Randolph appoints Rustin as his deputy director, fully in charge of organizing the March on Washington. Rustin assembles a team of volunteers and dedicated activists, including Cleve Robinson and Anna Arnold Hedgeman, at a makeshift office in Harlem. He visits the National Mall but is prevented from meeting with D.C. officials. He warns King that they have made powerful political enemies, and is forced to accept Wilkins's and others' demands that reduce the march to a single day. Rustin and his organizers continue to raise funds and public support, but his affair with Taylor strains his relationship with Kahn. Senator Strom Thurmond publicly denounces Rustin as a communist, and Powell attempts to embarrass him into stepping down, but Rustin's remarkable efforts to organize a 100,000-person march in seven weeks speak for themselves. After Rustin receives a strongly worded call from Taylor's pregnant wife, Taylor ends their affair. Thurmond publicizes Rustin's arrest for homosexual activity in Pasadena ten years earlier, but Randolph and King come to his defense. On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington draws over 200,000 people, who gather in front of the Lincoln Memorial. The massive demonstration culminates in King's "I Have a Dream" speech, and though Wilkins invites Rustin to join the march's leaders at the White House, he remains behind with his volunteers. An epilogue explains that the march was the nation's largest peaceful protest at that time; the Civil Rights Act was enacted nine months later; and Rustin later met his lifelong partner and was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. ==Cast==

In February 2021, it was reported that George C. Wolfe would direct a film based on the life of Bayard Rustin from a script by Julian Breece and Dustin Lance Black. In October 2021, Colman Domingo was cast as Rustin. Chris Rock, Glynn Turman, and Audra McDonald also joined the cast. Later that month, Aml Ameen, CCH Pounder, Michael Potts, Bill Irwin, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, Gus Halper, Johnny Ramey, Carra Patterson, and Adrienne Warren joined the cast. Production began in November 2021 in Pittsburgh. In December 2021, Jeffrey Wright, Grantham Coleman, Lilli Kay, Jordan-Amanda Hall, Jakeem Dante Powell, Ayana Workman, Jamilah Nadege Rosemond, Jules Latimer, Maxwell Whittington-Cooper, Frank Harts, and Kevin Mambo joined the cast. Principal photography ended in Washington, D.C. in August 2022. Lenny Kravitz wrote and performed an original song, "Road to Freedom", for the film. Wolfe said: "The one note I gave him was the song needed to help deliver us as an audience, from feeling to action. And trombones. I begged for trombones." Wolfe became fascinated by trombones after filming ''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'' (2020), and Trombone Shorty was brought on board to contribute to the song. == Music ==

Rustin premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2023. It then screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13. Michelle and Barack Obama introduced the film at the opening night of the HBCU First Look Film Festival at the National Museum of African American History and Culture. The film was released in select theaters on November 3 and premiered worldwide on Netflix on November 17. == Reception ==

Critical response Domingo garnered much critical acclaim for his performance in the title role. John Anderson of The Wall Street Journal called Domingo a "force of nature in this film, delivering a complex, highly sympathetic portrayal" that "determines what the movie actually is, while preventing it from going awry". In her review for Entertainment Weekly, Maureen Lee Lenker wrote, "Domingo infuses Rustin with a warmth and vibrancy that creates a performance of immense empathy" and "his portrait of a man fighting for both his race and his sexuality feels incredibly personal and helps hammer home Rustin's commitment to true 'justice for all.'" The Guardians Benjamin Lee appreciated the film's intersectional coverage of Rustin's struggles and wrote that Domingo "nails the charming persuasiveness that would explain how Rustin achieved so much in such a short amount of time and as he slowly starts to experience a level of acceptance for his whole self, rather than handpicked parts, there’s a genuine poignancy to watching him crumble in front of us, a weight we can feel being lifted away. Other critics were more lukewarm, especially about the screenplay and direction. Bilge Ebiri of Vulture wrote that the script was laden with "ham-handed stage-setting with lines" of "classroom-exercise level writing", leading to a film "filled with all the clichés of the genre". He also said the film's "predictable plot points" and the "pro forma" nature of Rustin's "personal affairs" in conjunction with Wolfe's "methodical direction" led to "visual inertia". RogerEbert.coms Robert Daniels agreed that the film suppressed Domingo's potential, writing that he "ultimately clings to these emotional crescendos, gripping for dear life to a film that rarely, if ever, rises to his level". Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post found the film's "perfunctory plot" to be "as montage-y and as superficial as the film’s opening reenactments" and criticized the lack of character development across the supporting cast, writing, "none of them stands out as a three-dimensional character". The film's approach to Rustin's sexuality was also criticized. Dustin Guastela of Jacobin wrote that the film caricatured Rustin's political views: "Rustin claims the civil rights hero has been forgotten because of his sexuality. But it was his fiery and provocative class politics that makes him both controversial and prophetic today." He added that the film's failure to develop the relationship between Rustin and Tom Kahn "weaponized" Rustin's sexuality as a means to obscure that Rustin's "historical neglect" was also due in part to his political views, which were "no less a reason for his official erasure from canonical civil rights history." In his review for IndieWire, David Ehrlich also lamented the film's handling of Rustin's sexuality, writing, "Rustin is diminished by the forced momentum of its plotting, by how inelegantly the script incorporates the social dynamics of Rustin’s homosexuality (the love triangle that develops between Rustin, fellow activist Tom Kahn, and a composite character played by Johnny Ramey stops the movie dead in its tracks every time it comes up)." Accolades ==See also==