Sartori of Vicenza

The Sartori descend from Florentines who arrived in Vicenza along with Bishop Andrea dei Mozzi, a member of one of the most illustrious families of Florentine magnates in the Middle Ages who was transferred to Vicenza after being involved in a major scandal, whose nature is still poorly understood. Anyhow, he arrived in Vicenza in late 1295, but he was already ill and died in less than a year, probably in August 1296. Before Andrea died, he distributed fiefs among some of his servants, including members of a family whose original surname is unknown, and who came to adopt the surname Sartori in Vicenza. The Sartori received fiefs in Roana, one of the Seven Communes situated on the Vicentine plateau that constituted a semi-independent federation that, although it was subject to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Diocese of Vicenza and the civil administration of Vicenza, maintained a delegate in Asiago, the capital of the Federation. At the same time, the bishop enrolled them as vassals of the Episcopal Table, naturalizing them as Vincentian nobles, remaining under successive bishops. Abbot Modesto Bonato, historian of the Seven Communes, said that he found in the public records only a single tradition about the Vincentian Sartori that referred to a Florentine origin with initial settlement in Roana. establishing new settlements successively in Enego, Foza, Gallio, Asiago, Lusiana and Valstagna, and later, down the valley of the Brenta River, where they established kinship ties with the principal families of the region. From the 15th century on, they are again present in the Vincentian urban headquarters, where they join the patriciate and some characters stand out; afterwards, they spread to many other communes in Veneto, being generally welcomed in the local patriciate. By the 16th century, the family had split into multiple branches and several of them had acquired great wealth, especially through logging and trading. However, by the mid-16th century, discussions were already beginning in Vicenza to exclude all those who practiced mechanical trades, such as commerce, from the civic nobility, restricting noble status only to the families participating in the council and to practitioners of a few particularly prestigious trades considered noble. This process culminated with the enactment of an act, in 1632, that reformed the entire ruling class and effectively restricted the conferral of nobility as had been proposed. From then on, merchants like the Sartori could keep their nobility as long as they obtained a special dispensation, but there is no sign that they made that request. From the end of the 18th century, the Vicenza group goes into decay, accentuated in the tumultuous and long period of the Napoleonic invasion and the wars of Italian unification in the 19th century, when the city was severely damaged. However, branches of other cities remained noble until the 19th century. == Vicenza ==

Context Since the 9th century, the bishops had ruled the city as an episcopal fief, despite it being nominally a secular county. When the Sartori arrived, the power of the bishops was declining, and the political system, through pressure from the emerging bourgeoisie supported by the party of the counts of Vicenza, was being rearticulated in a more democratic way, in the so-called "communal phase". The conflict between the bishops and the counts was endemic, but by the 13th century, the popular party had a clear advantage, accentuated by a series of incompetent or corrupt episcopal administrators. In this period of crisis, one of the strategies adopted by the bishops was to persuade supporters by granting fiefdoms and privileges, which did not always work out as intended; many benefited families started pursuing their own interests and vying for power. During the Middle Ages, the right to undertake enterprise, to participate in guilds and brotherhoods, to have access to justice, and to vote in the Council relied on the formal possession of the status of citizen. Anyone who was not a citizen remained on the margins of society. Naturally, over time, the citizen class underwent social stratification, forming a bourgeois patriciate enriched in commerce, manufacturing, and financial activity, which consolidated itself as the ruling class by monopolizing the main public offices. Citizenship was usually passed on hereditarily, but outsiders could acquire it by fulfilling certain conditions, including the payment of a fee, being resident in the city for some years, and having certain assets. The conditions varied from place to place and over time. In medieval Vicenza, citizenship was obtained with some ease, requiring only fixed residence in the city for ten years and the payment of the usual taxes. These conditions, however, became more restrictive, and by the 15th century, it was necessary to be wealthy to obtain citizenship. In parallel, as the patrician bourgeoisie became politically and economically empowered, they began to claim recognition as noblemen, a demand reinforced by the performance of trades that, since the Middle Ages, had been considered noble, such as those of physician, diplomat, judge, jurisconsult, and notary. Characters After their brief appearance in the time of Bishop Mozzi, the Sartori begin to make their presence felt in the city of Vicenza in the 15th century. Several characters can be cited. Venceslao was a preacher in 1431; Beltrame, in 1470, was authorized to rebuild the wall of the garden of the Church of Saint Corona, because it served as a support for one of the walls of his house; about this time, Bertoldo lived in Castegna, an obscure locality, probably Castegnero, 11 km. south of Vicenza, also spelled in ancient sources as Castegnerio, Castelnero or Castelniero, which would shortly thereafter be securely associated with the Valstagna/Vicenza branch. the notary Giovanni Giacomo Antonio, attested from 1537, made a will in 1560 leaving a bequest for the construction of a monumental sepulchre for himself and his sons Sebastiano, Bernardino and Flaminio in the New Church of Saint Blaise; the vir egregius (outstanding man) Vincenzo, a Vincentian nobleman, was cited in 1564 in Valdagno, and his son Girolamo resided in Magrè (Schio). At this time, the family of Nicolò, descendant of a group established in Foza and Asiago and later in Valstagna, settles in the city, and obtained citizenship of Vicenza on July 27, 1581. Nicolò held the title of dominus and was one of the richest merchants in the region. Corazzol said that his family was very rich, with a capital that reached tens of thousands of ducats, an immense fortune at the time. According to Occhi, his family owned the Melette, Sasso Rosso and Fontanelle mountains in Foza, the Astiago and Vallerana mountain pastures in the Valstagna area, the Miela and Vanzo mountains in the Gallina area, and had been logging in Enego, Foza, Valstagna, Cinte Tesino, Scurelle and Primiero since the early 16th century. His estate also included other lands, goods and privileges in Borgo, Cinte Tesino, Pieve Tesino, Castel Tesino, Grigno, Primiero, Scurelle, Telve, Ancarano, Campolongo sul Brenta, Enego, Fonzaso, Gallio, Marostica, Oliero, Tezze sul Brenta and Vallonara. Nicolò's business was divided between trading in coal, wool, timber and land, as well as operating a banking house. He had palaces in Valstagna, Angarano, Vicenza, and Bassano del Grappa, was arbitrator of disputes in Foza, and receiver of Valstagna. He married Susanna Camoli, a member of a family of great timber merchants of Primolano, an association which brought him great commercial benefits, and left descendants in Vicenza, but late in life, he moved to Bassano, where he also obtained citizenship in 1592, and in 1599, was received into the council, dying after 1617. In that year, he left a bequest of £57 for the celebration of a daily mass and a De Profundis by the family grave in Bassano. His sons, Girolamo and Giulio, lived mainly in Bassano, while Sebastiano and Francesco made their wills in Vicenza respectively in 1624 and 1658. He adds:Entering the commercial timber industry was very expensive: there were many barriers to entry, both in terms of financial and real estate capital. Investors had to advance substantial sums to obtain logging concessions (increasingly expensive over time), for logging permits, for customs fees, to hire agents who navigated both the Archdeacon territories and the Venetian bureaucracy, to pay lumberjacks, foremen, and boatmen. It was also necessary to build or rent greenhouses, sawmills, warehouses, and everything else that was necessary for the success of the trade. We must remember that the return given by the complete business cycle was often long term, on the order of fifteen to forty years. Merchants, therefore, often associated with each other and with Archdeaconian and Venetian subjects, sharing costs, as they intended to establish themselves in the market as global operators and not simply limit themselves in one geographical area or operating segment. Natural evolution was, therefore, the set of strategies designed to establish institutionalized kinship ties between families occupying strategic roles in the commercial network, such as engagements, arranged marriages (for dowry or with widows of wealthy merchants), and baptisms, especially from the mid-sixteenth century onward. Another group, originally from Enego, obtained citizenship of Vicenza in 1582, and by 1599 they already had coats of arms. This group used at least two other variants of this coat of arms: one with the gold lion and the silver scissors, and another documented in Bassano del Grappa in 1615 at his tomb in the Church of Saint Francis, with the green lion, the gold upper field, the purple band and a red band between the two fields. and Benedicto (Benedetto, Benetto) Sartori, a forensic notary, raised a tomb for himself and his heirs in the Church of St. Michael the Archangel in the same city, in 1630. Giovanni, rector of the Church and of the Orphanotrophy of Mercy in 1653; Giulio and his brothers, sons of Nicolò, were active between Vicenza and Bassano in the mid-seventeenth century as great merchants; in 1678, Giovanni Martino of Vicenza was elected assessor of the Council of Treviso. Maria Floridaura da Visitação (1709-1756), daughter of Angelo Todero and Curzia Sartori, born in Vicenza, received her formation in the Carmelite monastery of Verona and then, with the nuns of the Corpus Domini of Vicenza, she took the habit of the Teresines in 1727. She was seen as gifted woman with many virtues and wrote two works of Christian mysticism that, according to Sebastiano Rumor, "attest to the ardor of her faith and charity, which made her heavenly still on earth". The family of Leonardo, Giovanni Antonio, Benedetto Maria, Valentin and Eugenio had many lands, houses, palaces and other assets in Vicenza, Creazzo, Colzè, Monticello Conte Otto and Cavazzale throughout the 18th century. and Lodovico, active at the end of the 18th century, was a priest and poet, leaving sonnets, panegyrics and a De Profundis. Anyway, some Sartori stood out in the 19th century, such as: Antonio, son of Giovanni, knight, doctor of laws, notary between 1839 and 1864, member of the Chamber of Notaries of Veneto in 1855, dead in 1886 and honored as a benefactor with the erection of a bust in the chapel of notable citizens in 1895; Jacopo, high-ranking official of the Provincial Deputation in 1868, and Paolo, son of Giuseppe, lawyer, knight, commendator, one of the three trustees of the BBVA of Vicenza in 1883, president of the Cassa di Risparmio di Asti, president of Mount of piety in 1909, president of the Banco Popolare from 1916 to 1927, art collector, creator of a cycle of frescoes on the history of Moses by Domenico Bruschi on the Monte di Pietà, Giovanni Maria (Vicenza, July 11, 1925 - Innsbruck, September 26, 1998), born in an impoverished branch, was the son of Attilio and Lucia Volpato, and brother of Bruno, Tito and Angela. Like his brothers, he studied at the Minor Seminary of Vicenza from 1936 and was ordained a priest in 1948. He was secretary of Catholic Action, distinguished by his dynamism and organizing ability. In 1959, he was appointed episcopal delegate, at a time when Catholic Action had more than one hundred thousand followers. In 1962, he graduated in Canon Law, and in 1969, he was appointed rector of the Vicenza Seminary, where, for ten years, he had been teaching the theology of the laity and the social doctrine of the Church. In 1977, he was consecrated bishop of Adria. He cared to know his diocese in detail, worked for the poor, the immigrants and the marginalized, and promoted diocesan missions. He was a fierce critic of abortion, defended the participation of Catholics in politics, and became involved in controversies. Appointed archbishop of Trento in 1987, he sought to know his people closely and was highly regarded for his fatherly care for the underprivileged, but again caused controversy for his insistent attempts to meddle in the school curriculum and other secular matters. He also received criticism for his conservatism, his excessive disciplinary zeal, and his difficulty in dealing with the challenging issues of contemporary times. == Main Branches ==

Seven Communes Centered in Roana, a member of the Federation of Seven Communes of the Vincentian plateau (plus Asiago, Lusiana, Enego, Foza, Gallio, and Rotzo), the surrounding localities have been marked by the presence of the Sartori since the 14th century, either through property ownership or residence. However, the context of the region did not favor the survivalof the old feudal nobility of the family. In 1405, the Federation submitted to Venice and was made a district of Vicenza, which maintained a captain or vicar there, preserving, however, a great autonomy, its customs and its old fiscal and commercial privileges. By the 16th century, the region's fiefdoms were almost all extinct, as since the 13th century, the communes had been jointly consolidating a system of semi-democratic communal government known as vicinanza, with a local council made up of all the heads of households, able to legislate locally, appoint administrative officials, and oversee public accounts, as well as a dean (head of state with ceremonial and representative functions), and a syndic (head of government with executive functions). The capital of the Federation was Asiago, where the Regency met, a council consisting of one or two ministers from each commune under the coordination of a chancellor, who centralized the federative administration and foreign policy, arbitrated disputes, and appointed the nuncios (procurators of the Regency in some other city). The administration of justice and military defense, however, were largely in charge of the podesteria of Vicenza, representing the Venetian government. Most of the territory was collectively owned, indivisible and inalienable, and there was no division of society into rigid estates, no formal class of nobles, and no legal definition of nobility. Even so, there was a bourgeois patriciate made up of the wealthiest and most cultured families and those who obtained the highest public offices. The nineteenth-century historian Giuseppe Nalli said that the family's presence honored the Seven Communes. Marco de Roana was a condottiero in the service of the Republic of Venice, distinguishing himself in the wars against the Ottomans at the end of the 17th century. He fought bravely at Grahovo, a crucial place to contain the advance of the Ottomans. According to a report of July 19, 1690 from the Venetian Provider Nicolò Erizzo to the Senate, "General Sartori has rendered fruitful service in Grahovo, showing great prudence in transmitting my instructions to the inhabitants of that plain in order that they remain faithful to the Most Serene Majesty, and has succeeded very well in dispelling the hesitation in which they were walking regarding whether or not to submit to the pasha of Herzegovina". He goes on to say that he commissioned Sartori to inspect two advanced detachments, which he did with a force of 40 armed peasants and 30 soldiers, finding them in extreme disorder, when he was attacked by 400 Ottoman horsemen who recognized him. He defended himself with his soldiers and two peasants, while the others fled:Furious was the attack, but intrepid was the resistance, and after three hours of bloody and uncertain combat, the impetus and valor of those few Christians prevailed over the enemy, though reinforced by their own infantry, who, fighting generously, opened the way for an honorable retreat, taking refuge in the Tower with the only loss of 14 of their companions, and seven other men, who with several villagers, distinguished themselves in reinforcing the former, bravely sacrificing themselves in your lordship's glorious service, not without first causing considerable havoc among the boldest Turks, among whom was the commander of Nevisigne, who was also killed. [...] Marco Sartori, bravely sustaining with his few soldiers the aggression of the barbarians, and repelling the temerity of the boldest, fulfilling in this as in the other battles of those memorable hardships the function that was his, is credited with the merit of a good officer and faithful subject of Your Lordships, whom I recommend to reward him with a gold medal. In 1743, the Regency appointed Fabbio, doctor of laws, as plenipotentiary nuncio in Vicenza, charged with the task of settling a dispute between the Seven Communes and the commune of Montecchio Maggiore, and in 1745 gave fundamental legal help in the process of recovering the lost privileges of the Federation customs. Romeo Arturo (1897-1933), fighter pilot during World War I, served in several squadrons; distinguished for bravery, he was promoted to sergeant and received the Bronze and Silver Medals of Military Valor. After the war, he served as a flight instructor and test pilot, and often exhibited himself as a pilot of aerobatics and simulated combat, winning competitions such as the Circuito delle Marche in 1921 and the I Convegno Aereo Nazionale of Florence in 1922, as well as representing Italy in an international championship in Geneva in 1925. Dead in a plane crash, he received other honors, such as the Medal of the Italo-Austrian War 1915–1918, the Medal of Italian Unity, and the Medal of Victory; his name is the name of a street in Roana and of the Asiago airport. Luigi (1924-2007), ordained priest in 1946, graduated in theology at the Diocesan Seminary of Padua, specialized in Ecclesiology and doctorate at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, was professor of Dogmatic and Ecumenical Theology at the Seminary for many years, where he founded the magazine Studia patavina and left several works. According to Paola Zampieri, he is considered one of the fathers of modern Italian theology. For Antonio Ricupero, who did his doctorate on his work, the synthesis of his thought can be expressed in the phrase "faith is the leaven of history," adding: "In his theology, we read a creative reception of the innovations of the Second Vatican Council, in which he was able to grasp the vital germs and the paths susceptible of new developments. [...] Sartori followed the events of his time with passion and participation, inside and outside the church, trying to discern in them the role and the creative force of the Spirit who guides toward the future. In my opinion, the roots of the continuity of the coherent witness he gave in his life and the interpretative key to all his vast theological production lie in the profound and vital relationship between faith and history". Amalia, also known as Lia, born in Valdastico in 1947 but descended from the branch of Roana, was a teacher, member of the European Parliament for three terms, holding several positions, including: Chair of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy; Vice-chair of the Delegation to the EU-Bulgaria Joint Parliamentary Committee and of the Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. She was also member of the Delegation for relations with the Andean Community countries; of the Delegation for relations with the United States; of the Conference of Committee Chairs; of the Committees on Economic and Monetary Affairs; on Women's Rights and Equal Opportunities; on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety; on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs; and on Budgets, but was accused of illegal funding to the parties involved in the Venice MOSE Project. From Lusiana can be cited Bonato, procurator of the commune for the collection of taxes in 1572; the physician Zuane, active in Oliero (Valstagna) at the beginning of the 17th century; the "clearest" priest Francesco (*1774), abbot, vice-adjutor of the Parish of St. Andrew in Padua in 1816, and parish priest of St. Paul in Monselice in 1819; Giovanni Antoni, from Foza, was nuncio to the Federation in 1696. In Enego, around 1700, there is Antonio, a lumberman and one of the witnesses in the beatification process of Gregorio Barbarigo. Domenico was receiver of Rotzo at the beginning of the 20th century. From Asiago, capital of the Federation, can be mentioned Giovanni Steffano, one of the governors of the city in 1683; in 1713, signor Giovanni Gregorio was nuncio to the Federation in Venice, presenting the situation of the region with many witnesses and making many complaints about the shortages the population was experiencing because of wars, plagues and natural disasters; in 1716, Francesco was nuncio to Venice and in charge of settling a dispute regarding the Federation customs. Father Domenico was chaplain of St. Bartholomew's in Fara in the 19th century. Giandomenico Paccanaro (1745-1801), son of Pierantonio and Elisabetta Sartori, abbot, doctor of mathematics and philosophy, taught physics at the University of Padua and was highly praised as a professor of philosophy. He was a member of the Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati and of the Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Giacomo (*1813), curate of St. Michael in Arlesega in 1851, parish preacher of Vanzo in 1857, and curate of Santa Maria Assunta in Padua in 1871. His brother Carlo (*1832) studied in Gallio and Valstagna, and graduated in theology, Philosophy and Humanities at the Seminary of Padua, where he was professor of Italian Literature, Mathematics and Ecclesiastical History. Ordained a priest in 1860, he was also noted for his activity in social causes, being a great preacher, confessor, apostolic protonotary, canon of the Cathedral of Padua and chancellor of the diocesan presidency of the Schools of Christian Doctrine. He left many writings, including panegyrics, biographies, doctrinal and devotional works, poems, and historical works. Domenico (Asiago, 1825), curate chaplain of St. Bartholomew's in Fara; It held an important regional fair and, as it was situated on the banks of the Brenta, it occupied a strategic position in the transport system of a vast commercial network that began in Trento, passed through the Seven Communes, included most of the Vicentine-Bassanese-Feltrina plain, and reached Padua and Venice. As a result, Brenta became known as the "lumber route". By the 15th century, during the consolidation of Venetian rule, this commercial network was already perfectly articulated and involved considerable amounts of money. The trustees of Valstagna were Antonio in 1551, Francesco in 1567 and Nicolò in 1609. Francesco served the Republic of Venice, and in 1572, was procurator of Valstagna, Campolongo and Oliero. Leonardo was a counselor in 1810. Father Leonardo (*1819) was curate chaplain of the Church of St. Anthony, abbot of Valstagna in 1851 and rector of the Church of St. Bartholomew of Crosara in 1855. His son Iseppo became one of the leading local lumber merchants. He and his brothers, Girolamo and Zuanne, built a private seat of extraordinary size in the Parish Church of Pirago. Bragaggia says that private seats were a symbol of prestige, and their placement inside the church reflected the rigid social hierarchy of the community. The Sartori seat, besides being oversized, had been built without the license of the Vicini Rule, having only the license of the bishop, which created conflicts, and was eventually taken down by the angry community, along with the seats of other distinguished families, such as the Teza and the Pellizzaroli, with whom the Sartori had established ties by marriage. Francesco Sartori della Teza was a deputy of the Regra. Dominus Giuseppe Sartori was also a big lumber merchant and had a commercial representation in Venice, where he spent most of the year. a large complex that tradition says was started by Orazio and that, according to Dal Mas & Miot, constitutes the most extraordinary example in the region of man-made work to shape the mountain slopes. Afterwards, the family withdrew from commerce and were admitted to the nobility of Belluno. After joining the Grini family, they adopted its coat of arms. Giovanni Antonio, son of the aforementioned Bertoldo of Castegna, appears in 1502 buying land for 32 gold ducats in Angarano. There, the Sartori business interests found a favorable location for better articulation, since Bassano was located much closer to their many estates than Vicenza. According to Francesco Vianello, "some families established in Bassano but originating from those lands, among them the Sartori, the Carraro, the Perli and the Scolari, just to name a few, had more interests in the Brenta valley, and although they had palaces in Bassano, they maintained residences and properties in the places where they originated, where they had built the basis of their wealth". Girolamo II, son of Giulio II and the noble Angela Teresa Baggio, was a poet of panegyrics, octaves, and sonnets, and left a treatise on marriage and a manuscript narrating the history of the Sartori family. In 1726, they were confirmed in the nobility of Bassano, a status recognized by the Republic of Venice, and were reconfirmed as nobles in 1816, 1821, 1841 and 1897. Crespano and Possagno . A small group settled in Crespano del Grappa, but it deserves to be remembered for being the birthplace of the remarkable Giovanni Battista Sartori (1775-1858), bishop of Mindo and papal counselor. This group was descended from the original Roana group that had moved to Bassano for some time, and then to Crespano, being included in the Bassano nobility in 1760 by decree of the Doge of Venice. As heir, the bishop left his only niece, Antonietta Sartori Bianchi, who received from her uncle an important collection of Canova's works. She collaborated in the organization of the Museo Canova, participated in the creation and was a tireless collaborator of the Institute of Regular Clerics of the Schools of Charity of Possagno, conceived by her second husband, Count Filippo Canal, and generously financed by Sartori. She was praised by Domenico Villa, archpriest of Bassano, as having "rare qualities of mind and heart", When she died, around 1874, Antonietta left a legacy in her will of one hundred thousand lire for the foundation, in Crespano, of an institute for poor children born in Crespano and Possagno, which came to be legally constituted on May 6, 1880, under the name Opera Pia Bianchi-Canal. Primiero In the 16th century, Fiera di Primiero was situated on the border between the county of Tyrol and the Republic of Venice, and maintained an official Tyrolean office for granting customs duties and licenses for the exploitation of the extensive forests of the region. As a result, the village attracted a large number of merchants, entrepreneurs and loggers. In addition, the access it had to the Cismon and Brenta rivers made it a favorable route for high-volume trade. These advantages were exploited by Antonio and Nicolò de Valstagna, who bought forests there for the timber trade and established sawmills, supervising the business personally. Antonio, Fioravante's son, was a notary in Pieve di Soligo, and Solighetto, in the passage from the 18th to the 19th century, Giovanni Battista and Giovanni Maria were notaries in Tarzo. Giuseppe was dean of the Church of Primiero. Augusto was a malacologist, geometer, architect, and as a royal engineer, he worked for the construction of the Ivrea-Aosta and Brindisi-Lecce railroads in the mid-nineteenth century. At the end of the 19th century, Lina made an important compilation of material on the history of mining in the Primiero area. Virginia Maria Teresa (1844-1879), daughter of Federico Sartori and Amalia Paternò, showed interest in the poor and in the religious vocation from a young age, taking the religious habit in the convent of the Daughters of Charity of Trento and then joining the Servite Order in 1867; from 1870, she collaborated in youth groups and in the installation of the Daughters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Primiero. She maintained a strict personal discipline and was known for her great virtue and charity, dedicating herself to various mortifications; she left writings of mystical inclination, as well as a didactic method for spiritual improvement. Several graces and cures are attributed to her, and she is popularly called a saint. Loyal to the Austrian empire, which dominated this area at the time, but also to his ethnic origins, he fought for the creation of an Italian-language university in Innsbruck. Angelo Ara considered him one of the most significant examples of this dual Austro-Italian loyalty among the state bureaucracy of his time. He was appointed hereditary knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, with the Sartori de Montecroce predicate for his relevant services. He convinced the Diet to build a road to bypass the blockade of the Rolle Pass, which had left Primiero isolated; in honor of this initiative, the community named a district Montecroce. Baron Tullio II Sartori-Montecroce studied in Munich, Vienna, and Innsbruck, worked as an engineer, and in 1926, married Anne Pearson Hall, an American citizen from a prominent Connecticut family. Knight Luigi Sartori, famous as one of the pioneers of modern beekeeping, professor and governmental director of beekeeping in Milan, inventor of various types of hives and mobile combs, is also from Primiero and received several distinctions and medals and a diamond jewel in the shape of a bee from the Emperor of Austria. He is remembered as an innovator, distinguished beekeeper, teacher, and brilliant lecturer, gifted with deep knowledge and a remarkable ability to communicate his ideas clearly and effectively. According to Fontana & Angeli, "Sartori also became famous for the design of spectacular apiaries. [...] Above all, Sartori was one of the first beekeepers at the international level to codify and rationalize the breeding of queens. [...] In fact, Sartori's manuals and lectures contributed enormously to the progress of Italian beekeeping". He left three treatises that have become reference works: Trattato di apicultura razionale (1866); ''L'apicoltura in Italia. Manuale tecnico-pratico-industriale per la coltivazione razionale del mellifero insetto col favo mobile e col favo fisso (1878, richly illustrated, in collaboration with Andrea de Rauschenfels), and L'arte di coltivare le api ossia conferenze apistiche teorico-pratiche'' (1900). In a few years, he set up a large business in the Dante Alighieri square, the center of the emerging town, where he began to live. From 1883 on, his business expanded with a tannery, a bodega, a shoe store, a butcher shop, and wine production. He achieved recognition as a civil and religious leader, was a fabricator of the first Mother Church and co-founder of the Church of San Pellegrino, one of the founders and first leaders of the directory of the Rio-grandense Republican Party, and a member of the first Governmental Board and of the first Council. Amalia, founder of the first chapel and a great benefactor of the Church of San Pellegrino. Attilio, one of the founders of the Apollo Theater in Caxias, and later, a coffee farmer in São Paulo, where he left descendants. curate of the Cathedral of Porto Alegre, chaplain of the Church of the Divine Holy Spirit, of the Providência Asylum and the Carmelite Monastery, director of the Military Department of Catholic Action, and later bishop of Santa Maria, where he was an important community leader and an active figure in the articulation of the 1964 military coup, one of the pioneers of radio broadcasting in Santa Maria, one of the founders of the Law School (later incorporated to Federal University of Santa Maria), and builder of the Saint Joseph Diocesan Seminary. Remembered by João Spadari Adami as a "notable orator and sacred writer", when he died, he was praised by the leader of the MDB bench in the Legislative Assembly as "an exceptional figure whose services to our people will never be forgotten for the much they enriched the spiritual patrimony of our state". == See also ==