The river island, with an area of about , was first mentioned as
Der Sandtwerder ("Sand Ait") in 1704. Also called
Cladower Sandwerder after the opposite village of
Kladow, the island in the mid 19th century was a deserted place, overgrown with shrubs and a few trees. In 1882, the island was purchased by Wilhelm Wessel, a wealthy inventor and manufacturer of
kerosene lamps, for a sum of 9,000
Marks. He ordered extensive landscaping, built an access ringroad, subdivided the area and offered the lots for sale. The intention was for wealthy buyers like himself to build cottages with access to the river. He himself had a mansion, called
Villa Schwanenhof (Swan Court), erected in the centre of the isle. Its continued existence makes it the oldest building on the island. For convenient access, a small bridge was built which up to today remains the only way onto the island. In 1896, a charter was drafted that banned inhabitants from setting up disturbing venues like factories and shops. Even a pier for river steamers was prohibited. In 1901, Emperor
Wilhelm II granted the official use of the name
Schwanenwerder, a more illustrious name than the old "Sand Ait". By then, only three villas had been erected, nevertheless the mansion colony quickly developed as a refuge of the wealthy Berlin bourgeoisie, among them
Berthold Israel and
Rudolph Karstadt, both owners of large department stores, the entrepreneur
Leo Maximilian Baginski, the entrepreneur
Waldemar Lohse, the entrepreneur
Hans Quilitz, the entrepreneur
Walter Sobernheim, the physician
Fedor Krause, the banker
Oscar Schlitter, the banker
Oscar Wassermann, the banker
Eduard Mosler, the banker
Arthur Salomonsohn and the banker
Georg Solmssen. Schwanenwerder was the most expensive property to purchase in the interwar German version of the
Monopoly game. After
World War I more rich inhabitants built villas on Schwanenewerder, among them were the banker
Samuel Goldschmidt, the economist
Werner Feilchenfeld, the entrepreneur
Alfred Guggenheim, the judge
Herbert Gidion and the publisher
Leo Goldstaub. After the
Nazi seizure of power in January 1933, many of the
Jewish property owners were driven off or forced to sell their real estate because of the
racial policy of Nazi Germany. After the
elections of March 1933,
SA officers from nearby
Zehlendorf swarmed over the island, and a Nazi flag was hoisted prominently over the water tower. Among those who profited from these events were Minister
Joseph Goebbels, who in 1935 bought the villa formerly owned by the Oscar Schlitter for a very modest sum, Three years later, he also purchased the "
aryanized" neighbouring property of the Jewish banker
Samuel Goldschmidt. In a similar manner Hitler's personal physician
Theodor Morell acquired the premises of
Georg Solmssen (the uncle of author
Arthur R.G. Solmssen). Minister
Albert Speer bought the property of one of the Baronesses Goldschmidt-
Rothschild for only 150,000 marks, only to sell it in 1943 at a hefty premium to the
Deutsche Reichsbahn. In 1937, Reich Women's Leader
Gertrud Scholtz-Klink had a
SS Bride School established on Schwanenwerder, where young women were indoctrinated in Nazi ideology and educated in housekeeping skills. After World War II, disseized properties were returned to their rightful owners, if those could be found, but none of them returned. The buildings stood empty and derelict and property was sold, mostly to the community of Berlin, which at times owned up to 40% of the land. Since the late 1940s the island housed a large summer camp for children, which was closed in 2002. Until 2010 a station of the Berlin
Wasserschutzpolizei was located near the Schwanenwerder bridge. The neighbouring premises formerly owned by Goebbels were leased to the Berlin
Aspen Institute for several years. Over the second half of the 20th century, most old mansions were torn down to be replaced with new private buildings. Remnants of the historic land development include a column of the demolished
Tuileries in Paris, which was bought by Wessel in 1882 and placed on Schwanenwerder as part of a
mock ruin, typical of the spirit of
Romanticism in late 19th-century Germany. It is still on the island and protected as a historic monument. ==See also==