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Puffball

Puffballs are a type of fungus featuring a ball-shaped fruiting body that, when mature, bursts on contact or impact, releasing a cloud of dust-like spores into the surrounding area. Puffballs belong to the division Basidiomycota and encompass several genera, including Calvatia, Calbovista and Lycoperdon. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage.

Edibility and identification
While most puffballs are not poisonous, some often look similar to young agarics, and especially the deadly Amanitas, such as the death cap or destroying angel mushrooms. Young puffballs in the edible stage, before maturation of the gleba, have undifferentiated white flesh within, whereas the gills of immature Amanita mushrooms can be seen if they are closely examined. They can be very toxic. The giant puffball, Calvatia gigantea (earlier classified as Lycoperdon giganteum), reaches or more in diameter, and is difficult to mistake for any other fungus. It has been estimated that, when mature, a large specimen of this fungus will produce around 7 × 10 spores, which is more than any other known organism. Not all true puffball mushrooms are without stalks. Some may also be stalked, such as the Podaxis pistillaris, which is also called the "false shaggy mane". There are also a number of false puffballs that look similar to the true ones. • Pisolithus tinctoriusTulostoma (genus) True True puffballs genera and species: • Calbovista subsculptaHandkea – various species, including: • Handkea utriformisLycoperdon – various species, including: • Lycoperdon candidumLycoperdon echinatumLycoperdon fusillumLycoperdon umbrinumScleroderma – various species, including: • Scleroderma auratiumScleroderma geaster – not edible False False puffballs species: • Endoptychum agaricoidesNivatogastrium nubigenumPodaxis pistillarisRhizopogon rubescensTruncocolumella citrina == Traditional uses ==
Traditional uses
Puffballs have a long history of use in traditional medicine across the world. The dry, powdery spores were widely used as a styptic to stop bleeding and as a dressing for wounds, burns, and sores. This practice was common among Indigenous peoples of North America, who applied the spore powder directly to wounds, cuts, and nosebleeds, and also used it on the umbilical cords of newborns to aid clotting and prevent infection. This ethnomycological use was not confined to the Americas, with similar hemostatic applications being independently developed in Asia and Europe. ==Classification==
Classification
Major orders: • Agaricales (including now-obsolete orders Lycoperdales, Tulostomatales, and Nidulariales) • Basidiomycetes: Agaricales: Lycoperdaceae: CalvatiaCalvatia boonianaGeastrales and Phallales (related to Cantharellales), • Basidiomycetes: Phallales: Geastraceae: GeastrumGeastrum coronatumGeastrum fornicatumGeastrum saccatumSclerodermatales (related to Boletales) • Basidiomycetes: Boletales: Sclerodermataceae: SclerodermaScleroderma areolatumScleroderma bovistaScleroderma cepaScleroderma citrinumScleroderma meridionaleScleroderma michiganenseScleroderma polyrhizumScleroderma septentrionale • Various false-truffles (hypogaeic gasteromycetes) related to different hymenomycete orders Similarly, the true truffles (Tuberales) are gasteroid Ascomycota. Their ascocarps are called tuberothecia. ==See also==
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