MarketSexual and gender-based violence in the October 7 attacks
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Sexual and gender-based violence in the October 7 attacks

During the October 7 attacks, Israeli women, girls and men were reportedly subjected to sexual violence, including rape and sexual assault by Hamas or other Gazan militants. The militants involved in the attack are accused of having committed acts of gender-based violence, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Hamas has denied that its fighters committed any sexual assaults, and has called for an impartial international investigation into the accusations.

Evidence
The attacks by Hamas on Israeli communities, in which 1,139 people were killed and 240 hostages were kidnapped to the Gaza Strip, reportedly involved widespread sexual violence. Hamas fighters infiltrated Israeli towns, where witnesses said they tortured, raped and sexually assaulted many women and girls of all ages, and some men. Following the attacks, Israeli police, Shin Bet and Israeli military began to collect evidence, take witness statements and to interrogate captured Hamas militants concerning the alleged sexual violence perpetrated during the 7 October attack. Police recorded the difficulty in collecting physical evidence in a war zone. Due to this the full extent of the crimes may never be known. Authorities retrieved video evidence, photographs of victims' bodies, and militants' testimonies which they said confirmed accounts of sexual assault. Autopsies of victims also corroborated these accounts, according to the Israeli police. To pressure the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for securing the release of hostages, the Hostages Families Forum also released graphic footage of kidnapped Israel Defense Forces (IDF) women personnel that were previously released by Hamas and edited by the IDF that excluded "the most disturbing scenes". In November 2023, Ina Kubbe, a scholar specializing in gender and conflict at Tel Aviv University, said that evidence aligns with sexual violence. However, she emphasized the necessity of a forensic investigation for an official determination of rape. In December 2023, in a review of evidence mainly provided by the Israel Defense Forces and Israeli officials, NBC News stated that the evidence "suggests that dozens of Israeli women were raped or sexually abused or mutilated". Testimony of Israelis Survivors, victims, witnesses, first responders, and military personnel provided accounts of the alleged rape, mutilation and other sexual violence that Hamas militants inflicted. An official from Lahav 433 told the Knesset that 1,500 testimonies had been collected. Shelly Harush, the police officer leading the investigation recounted to The Times on 2 December 2023: "It's clear now that sexual crimes were part of the planning and the purpose was to terrify and humiliate people." Limited forensic work Members of the UN, Physicians for Human Rights–Israel, and the Association of Rape Crisis Centers in Israel have all noted the lack of forensic investigation that was done on the deceased at the attack locations. A government relations officer at the Israel Women's Network said that, most of the raped had been killed, and their bodies were burned or buried along with any forensic evidence. Israeli media acknowledged the scenes of the attacks had not been properly photographed, preserved or forensically examined. On 28 March 2024 the IDF released footage of an alleged PIJ militant, Manar Mahmoud Muhammad Qassem, saying he raped an Israeli woman in a kibbutz on 7 October. In the video, Qassem describes the incident including her clothes, bra and underwear and the fact she was later taken with her mother by two other militants. The following day Middle East Eye reported that the released IDF video "was deleted and reposted several times after commentators noted inconsistencies in the testimony and subtitle mistranslations." It added that "The alleged confession was first reported in December. Since then, despite Qasem providing a detailed description of the victim's physical appearance, the Israeli forces have failed to identify the woman." Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International stated that these alleged confessions were likely extracted under torture, violate international law and basic human rights, and should be considered inadmissible as credible evidence. The UN and reports by human rights organizations such as B'Tselem and media outlets have confirmed Israeli systematic use of torture during the Gaza war, including rape, gang-rape, sexualized torture and mutilation of detained Palestinian men, women and children by Israeli guards, including during interrogations. Prosecution In December 2024 Ynet published an interview with Israeli prosecutor Moran Gaz, who until recently was in charge of Israel's Southern Prosecutor's Office and a member of Team 7.10 dealing with Hamas crimes on 7 October. Gaz says obtaining justice, particularly for sexual offenses, will be very difficult, and asked the public to lower expectations for it:In the end, we have no complainants. What was presented in the media compared to what will ultimately emerge will be completely different. Either because the victims were murdered, or because the women who were raped by them are not prepared to reveal it. We contacted women's rights organizations and asked for cooperation. They told us that they simply did not contact them. There were parents who contacted the organizations and asked what to do if something happened to their daughter, but they did not disclose the abuse...I know there is public expectation and understand the need to address the horrific sexual crimes and sexual assaults that have been committed, but the vast majority of them will not be able to meet the threshold of proof in court, and the criticism will ultimately come to the prosecutor's office – unjustly.Gaz also said she wants everyone who crossed the fence "to kill or to loot, it doesn't matter" to face the death penalty. Assessments of motivation Experts, such as one that Vox interviewed, say that sexual violence is an "inherent, if under-examined, aspect of violent conflict". Hamas admitted "mistakes were made" on 7 October, but denied that its fighters committed rape and sexual assault, noting that it is forbidden in Islam. Israelis and others have accused Hamas of systematically using rape as a weapon of war. In February 2024, ARCCI, the Association of Rape Crisis Centers of Israel, published a report summarizing witness testimony and categorizing the alleged sexual violence of 7 October into "Practices of Rape During Wars" and "Sadistic Practices". Throughout the report ARCCI repeats conclusions that the alleged sexual violence was systematic, deliberate, widespread, and not spontaneous or incidental, and "Hamas terrorists employed sadistic practices aimed at intensifying the degree of humiliation and terror inherent in sexual violence". == Alleged acts by location ==
Alleged acts by location
Sexual violence is alleged to have taken place in four types of locations: Eden Wessely, a woman searching for a friend after the rave who says she filmed the video, told ARCCI that she had seen a cut wound on the victim's leg, which led her to believe the victim's underwear had been cut off. Eti Bracha, Gal's mother; Rami Bracha, Gal's brother; and Nagi's mother all believe that Gal was raped. Eti stated that "there are witnesses who saw the sexual assault of my daughter" and emphasized the importance that the world knows about "the sexual assaults committed by these monsters, that they don't close their eyes and say they don't believe it really happened." Nissim was interviewed on Channel 13 on 1 January 2024 and repeatedly denied that Gal was raped. He said Nagi had called him at 7 AM, saying his wife was killed but never mentioned anything related to sexual assault. Abdush reiterated that Gal had not been raped and that "the media invented it". Tali posted on Instagram: "No one can know what Gal went through there! Also, what Nagi went through, but I can't cooperate with those who say many things that are not true. I plead with you to stop spreading lies, there is a family and children behind them, no one can know if there was rape or if she was burned while alive. Have you gone mad? I spoke to Nagi personally! At 7 o'clock, Gal was killed by those animals, and they shot her in the heart. Nagi was alive until quarter past eight…" a militant bent someone over, then "Esther" understood that he was raping the victim; the militant passed her on to someone else; she was still alive and bleeding from her back; the men cut off parts of her body, sliced her breast, threw it on the street and played with it; Two months later, in December 2023, the New York Times reported accounts with very similar themes from a witness identified as "Sapir". In his testimony he said: "They were Nukhba terrorists, actually pinning you to the ground...You try to resist. They take off your clothes, laugh at you, humiliate you, spit at you. They touched private parts, rape you." He said that he had no doubt one of the teenagers had been raped, but he did not know if she had died first. new Times reporter Anat Schwartz said she tried but failed to find a second witness to confirm that the girls had been sexually assaulted after the paramedic told her his story about them. Similarly, in March the UN special representative stated that, at Kibbutz Be'eri, her team "was able to determine that at least two allegations of sexual violence widely repeated in the media were unfounded due to either new superseding information or inconsistency in the facts gathered.". In March 2024, The Intercept noted that Kibbutz Be'eri's spokesperson Michal Paikin rejected the story of rapes of taking place there that the New York Times had included in its article. He said "they were shot and were not subjected to sexual abuse". Other accounts The New York Times viewed photographs of a woman's corpse found in a kibbutz that had dozens of nails driven into her groin and thighs. The ARCCI Report cited 6 cases and sources: Haaretz reported in April 2024 that "According to a source knowledgeable about the details, there were no signs on any of those bodies [at the Shura base] attesting to sexual relations having taken place or of mutilation of genitalia." Shari Mendes Shari Mendes, an army reservist stationed at the Shura camp, recounted in an event at the United Nations that her team discovered female soldiers who were shot in their vagina or breasts, and reported that it appeared there was systematic genital mutilation by Hamas militants. She further stated that they found beheaded bodies or bodies with missing limbs or bodies whose faces were mutilated, with some faces shot multiple times post-mortem. Mendes provided testimony based on her observations of the dead, conveyed in a recorded video. In a February 2024 investigation The Intercept reported that Mendes became a prominent figure in Israeli government and media narratives on 7 October sexual violence "despite the fact that she has no medical or forensic credentials to legally determine rape." The Intercept also questioned Mendes' credibility based on a testimony she gave to the Daily Mail in October 2023 of what she had seen, including: "A baby was cut out of a pregnant woman and beheaded and then the mother was beheaded." The official Israeli list of those killed in the attacks did not list a pregnant woman. Captain Maayan IDF Captain Maayan who was a dentist and member of the medical forensic team identifying bodies at the Shura base, said that she had encountered several bodies showing signs consistent with sexual abuse, recounting "I can tell that I saw a lot of signs of abuse in the [genital region] [...] We saw broken legs, broken pelvises, bloody underwear". Lt. Tamar Bar Shimon Lt. Tamar Bar Shimon, survivor of the attack at the military base attached to the Erez crossing, said that a Hamas member tried to undress her, but another Hamas militant stopped him, after which both left the room in which she was hiding. Moshe Pinchi video Moshe Pinchi shared a Hamas-filmed video that the IDF had recovered of two soldiers shot in the genitals. The Associated Press reported that an unnamed Israeli doctor who treated 110 of the released hostages said that least 10 men and women had been sexually assaulted or abused while in captivity. The released hostages underwent pregnancy tests and were screened for sexually transmitted diseases. The Israeli military official said "we know that female hostages were raped during their captivity under control of Hamas." held hostage: Liri Albag, Karina Ariev, Daniela Gilboa, and Agam Berger. After this, released hostage Chen Goldstein-Almog reported having seen some of them who had told her that their captors had sexually abused them multiple times. The ARCCI report cited the Times of Israel report plus two statements from former hostages from Kfar Aza: Chen and Agam Goldstein said they had encountered 3 female hostages who told them that captors had sexually assaulted them; and Kan ran a story with Aviva Sigal who said she saw a woman whom captors had just assaulted when taking her to the restroom, and said that captors turned women and men into "puppets on a string". She was taken captive on 7 October; The International Criminal Court, issuing an arrest warrant for the attack's alleged mastermind Mohammed Deif, stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe some Israeli hostages were subjected to sexual and gender based violence while held captive in Gaza. In a November 2025 interview, former hostage Rom Braslavski told CNN that he had been sexually abused and tortured during his time in captivity. According to Braslavski, he was stripped naked and tied up. He believes the aim was to humiliate him and strip him of his dignity. He described his time in captivity as "hell". Guy Gilboa-Dalal, who was held in captivity for hostage for two years, revealed in an interview to Channel 12 in November 2025 that he was sexually abused. He recalled a Hamas militant abusing him by rubbing his genitals against him for several minutes while he stood motionless, even though Gilboa-Dalal told him: "You're joking, right? This is forbidden in Islam". The guard then threatened to kill him if he spoke about this. Gilboa-Dalal feared that the assaults would escalate to forced anal penetration. During another incident, a guard allegedly took him to a separate room tied him to a chair, then made sexual threats while touching all over his body, kissing his neck and back, telling him he loved him. == Notable reports ==
Notable reports
Report by Israeli rape crisis center association In February 2024, the Association of Rape Crisis Centers in Israel (ARCCI) published its survey of the sexual violence carried out during the attack. The 35-page report, based in part on statements from ZAKA members, suggested that the attacks were more widespread than initially believed, occurring at various locations across southern Israel and in captivity in Gaza. It reported that in some instances, rapes were carried out in the presence of an audience, including partners, family, or friends, with the apparent intention of increasing pain, humiliation and trauma. It concluded there was evidence for a "systematic, targeted sexual abuse" of women during the Hamas-led assault on southern Israel on 7 October, that ignited the war in Gaza. ARCCI stated that the report included new testimony that it received "from professionals and confidential calls" and that "arrived at ARCCI centers". New York Times "Screams Without Words" A New York Times article by Jeffrey Gettleman, Anat Schwartz, and Adam Sella, released in late December 2023, found at least seven locations where sexual assaults and mutilations of Israeli women and girls were carried out. It concluded that these were not isolated events but part of a broader pattern of gender-based violence during the 7 October massacres. The newspaper's probe concluded that Hamas "weaponized sexual violence" during the attacks. The editorial process behind the article was scrutinized in investigative reports in The Intercept and criticized by more than 50 journalism professors from top universities, with concerns raised including the use of inexperienced reporters, an over-reliance on witness testimony, weak corroboration, and a lack of supporting forensic evidence. The Times stood by its story, saying that it was "rigorously reported, sourced and edited". In October 2025 over 300 New York Times contributors boycotted the paper with demands that included the retraction of the article for what they said was its failure to meet journalistic standards. UN report of March 2024 After pressure from the Israeli government and others, the UN's Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict Pramila Patten declared a fact-finding mission to Israel, an unprecedented move for her office. She and her team spent two weeks in Israel and the West-Bank at the invitation of the Israeli government. Azadeh Moaveni reported: "Her office didn't have a mandate to investigate sexual crimes on the ground and had never undertaken such a mission before. I was told by multiple sources at the UN that her trip was a matter of fierce controversy within the organisation." concluding that "there are reasonable grounds to believe that conflict-related sexual violence occurred during the 7 October attacks in multiple locations across Gaza periphery, including rape and gang-rape, in at least three locations", namely the Nova music festival, nearby Road 232, and kibbutz Re'im. The mission did not manage to independently verify media reports of sexual violence in Nahal Oz kibbutz and Kfar Aza kibbutz. The UN team was also "unable to establish the prevalence of sexual violence", and "did not gather information and/or draw conclusions on attribution of alleged violations to specific armed groups", due to the lack of a "fully-fledged" investigation. The report concludes that "specific attribution of the violations would require a fully-fledged investigation". Patten later requested permission to investigate Hamas' alleged crimes, on condition that her team should also be allowed to access Israeli detention facilities to examine claims of sexual violence by Israeli soldiers, but the request was denied. The UN "mission was not investigative", but was designed to collect and confirm allegations, with information being in "large part sourced from Israeli national institutions", stated the report. The report also found "clear and convincing information" to show that Israeli hostages in Gaza had been subject to "sexual violence, including rape, sexualized torture, and cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment". An investigation by The Times which includes an interview with Patten reiterates that her report was not a full and legal investigation, did not establish anything beyond a reasonable doubt, and cites Patten again calling on the Israeli government to cooperate with the UN agency tasked with an investigative mandate, the Commission of Inquiry. On 23 April 2024, a UN report on sexual violence in 2023, authored by Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, included the October 7 violence along with 17 other global cases, drawing on Patten's report. But it did not include Hamas in the list of state and non-state parties guilty of sexual violence in 2023 due to Patten’s not being a full and legally mandated investigation, and called for one to be conducted. The report was created by information compiled from interviews of victims, witnesses, open sourced items, forensic medical reports, and satellite imagery. These incidents included the physical and sexual abuse of female abductees and "sexualized desecration" of corpses both male and female. It found Hamas targeted women, whose bodies were "used as victory trophies by male perpetrators [and] put on public display, either on the streets of the Gaza Strip or online." In addition, the Commission found some specific allegations to be false or contradictory. Other investigations and reports In December 2023, the BBC published the results of several interviews with people involved in collecting and identifying the bodies of those killed on 7 October, along with analysis of video testimony and open video footage filmed by Hamas of the attack. The film focuses on sexual violence against Israelis on 7 October and in captivity in Gaza. It includes testimonies of men and women who survived the attack, abductees who were recently released including Amit Soussana, volunteers from ZAKA, as well as Israeli police and other officials. In June 2024, The Times published a report stating that investigators believed that Israel's claims about the scale and the formally sanctioned, systematic nature of sexual assaults did not stand up to scrutiny. In July 2025, the Jerusalem-based human rights organization The Dinah Project published a report which they allege shows that Hamas used sexual violence as a tactical weapon and genocidal scheme. The group was created after the 7 October attacks by legal scholar Ruth Halperin-Kaddar, lawyer and former prosecutor Sharon Zagagi-Pinhas and former judge and attorney general . The publication compiles reports of "forced nudity, gang rapes, genital mutilation, and threats of forced marriage" during the 7 October attacks and in captivity based on eyewitness accounts, including from 15 returned hostages, one survivor testimony of attempted rape at a music festival, and interviews with first responders, morgue personnel and healthcare professionals. United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, Reem Alsalem, responded to the publication of the report with a statement saying that while the U.N. special commission appointed to investigate "found patterns indicative of sexual violence against Israeli women at different locations, [t]he Commission was also unable to independently verify specific allegations of sexual and gender-based violence due to Israel’s obstruction of its investigations." According to Drop Site News, The Dinah Project report "contains scant new evidence and largely aggregates existing reports, many of which have been discredited or called into question." == Controversies ==
Controversies
False reports On 22 May 2024, the Associated Press published a report detailing two false accounts of sexual and gender-based violence on 7 October. One of the accounts was given by Yossi Landau, a longtime volunteer for the ultra-orthodox ZAKA paramedic and rescue group. Landau claimed that as he was working in Kibbutz Be'eri, he found a pregnant woman lying on the floor with her fetus still attached to the umbilical cord and removed from her body. However, as part of the effort to get media exposure, Zaka spread accounts of atrocities that never happened, released sensitive and graphic photos, and acted unprofessionally on the ground, often mixing up remains of multiple victims in the same bag and creating little or no documentation about the remains. Because Zaka took several months to acknowledge these accounts were wrong, they proliferated widely. Additionally, while speaking with reporters in March 2024 a member of the organization and IDF reservist stated that he had modified the clothing on the remains of women at the Nova music festival in order to preserve their dignity before taking an identification photograph. Claims of "weaponization" and "mass" rape as pro-Israeli propaganda In February 2024, The Hill host Briahna Joy Gray criticized U.S. State Department allegations that Hamas had raped female Israeli hostages, and in particular criticized the characterization of the sexual violence as "mass rape" rather than individual acts, or "weaponization of rape" as being Israeli war propaganda. Max Blumenthal of The Grayzone claimed that "Israel is inventing stories of mass rape on October 7." An investigation by the United Nations found a lack of evidence that Hamas had deliberately weaponized sexual violence, although it did not rule out the possibility. Israel condemned the UN for its response. The Israeli First Lady, Michal Herzog, called the response of international organizations such as UN Women an "inconceivable and unforgivable silence". UN Women briefly condemned Hamas in a post, but deleted the post shortly after. Jewish and Israeli media and advocacy organizations criticized UN Women and the #MeToo movement, saying they did not condemn the violence against women that took place during the 7 October attack. In response to UN Women, US- and Israel-based activists created the slogan "#MeToo Unless You're A Jew". Israeli law professor Cochav Elkayam Levy told The New York Times that she sent a letter signed by dozens of scholars to UN Women on 2 November, calling for condemnation of sexual violence during the attack; she said she did not receive a response. A bipartisan group of more than 80 members of the US congress said the response of UN Women was "woefully unsatisfactory and consistent with the UN's longstanding bias against Israel". UN special rapporteur Reem Alsalem was criticized by Claire Waxman, London's Victims' Commissioner, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center, as she did not speak out on reports of sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel against Israeli women during and following the Hamas-led attack, reportedly labeling accounts of sexual violence as "disinformation". On 25 November in Paris, a group of about 200 protestors attempted to join the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women march. Some carried Israeli flags and signs "denounc[ing] the deafening silence of feminist groups". The group was "effectively barred from joining the march" by pro-Palestine activists; march organizers later released a statement expressing "unambiguous condemnation of the sexual and sexist crimes, rapes and femicides committed by Hamas", they also accused far-right activists of stoking tensions at the march and seeking to discredit its organisers. Israeli politician Zehava Galon criticized the organization, writing that "the UN women's organization took almost two months... to issue a pale condemnation." On 4 December, human rights' organizations, including Jewish ones as well as their supporters, protested in front of the United Nations headquarters in New York, some dressed in only their underwear and with synthetic blood smeared on their bodies. A former lawmaker Carolyn Maloney stated: "We're here supporting Israeli women who were brutally raped. They deserve the support of other women. Any other attack on women would be treated as a crime." In response Sarah Hendrik, an official from UN Women, one of the UN agencies subject to these criticisms, stated that "within the UN family, these investigations are led by the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights', and that her agency didn't have the legal competence to determine culpability: 'The Independent International Commission of Inquiry has the mandate to investigate all alleged violations." A UN commission of inquiry investigating war crimes on both sides of the Israel-Hamas conflict will include a focus on instances of sexual violence by Hamas. Israel's Permanent Representative to the UN, Gilad Erdan, accused the commission of antisemitism and stated that Israel will not cooperate with it. Navi Pillay, who chairs the UN inquiry, rejected claims that the UN had delayed acknowledging the sexual violence and said that, despite Israel not cooperating, her team could still take evidence from survivors and witnesses outside of the country: "All they [Israel] have to do is let us in," she told the BBC. On 16 January, Guterres again stated the accounts must be "rigorously investigated and prosecuted". Israel responded by forbidding doctors to speak to the UN commission investigating 7 October, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lior Haiat calling the UN commission "an anti-Israeli and antisemitic body". Meanwhile, early March 2024, the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC), Pramila Patten, began a fact-finding mission to Israel and the West Bank to verify information concerning sexual and gender-based violence committed by Hamas. During her week-long visit, Patten and her team reviewed raw footage from 7 October, met with released captives from Gaza, and heard their testimonies. Patten visited various locations, including the Nova festival site in Re'im, Gaza border communities, and the military base in Nahal Oz, to gain insights into sexual crimes committed by Hamas, and findings were submitted to the UN Secretary-General and the Security Council in March. The report was published 4 March 2024. Other incidents The director of the University of Alberta Sexual Assault Centre in Canada was fired after she signed a letter questioning the rape reports. After being criticized, student newspaper Yale Daily News issued an apology for issuing editors' notes that challenged statements of rapes during the 7 October attack. Sean Durns of the pro-Israel media monitor Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America complained that the Washington Post did not present mass rape on 7 October as a fact. == Hamas response ==
Hamas response
Hamas officials, including Basem Naim, denied that its own militants committed sexual violence as a weapon of war, citing Islamic principles that forbid any sexual relationship outside of marriage. Hamas instead said that any sexual violence that occurred should be blamed on militants of other Palestinian groups that breached the Israel-Gaza border on 7 October. Hamas accused Western media of bias and said the reports of sexual violence demonized "Palestinian resistance". == International responses ==
International responses
The Maltese, Spanish and Panamanian ambassadors to Israel condemned the actions of Hamas in a 27 November 2023 Knesset panel. United Nations In August 2025 UN General-Secretary Guterres announced his intentions to add Hamas to the UN's blacklist of "parties credibly suspected of committing or being responsible for patterns of rape or other forms of sexual violence in situations of armed conflict on the agenda", and warned Israel could also be placed on it the following year unless it takes "necessary measures to ensure immediate cessation of all acts of sexual violence." Senior Hamas official Basem Naim responded to the news by saying: "We categorically reject all these allegations. These are certainly new attempts to use lies to divert attention from the ongoing brutal crimes committed by [the Israeli] fascist government and its army against our people in Gaza." Former US secretary of state Hillary Clinton condemned the use of rape in war as a crime against humanity. Former Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg, founder of Lean In, a women's rights and advancement group also condemned the rape as a crime against humanity and attacked UN silence as dangerous. On 4 December, spokesperson for the United States Department of State Matthew Miller said that the Biden administration had not made an explicit condemnation of rape on 7 October because they had not conducted an independent assessment, and not because they doubted the reports. On 5 December, Joe Biden called for global condemnation of "the sexual violence of Hamas terrorists without equivocation", calling the events "horrific". Five days later, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken called the sexual violence inflicted by Hamas "almost beyond human description or beyond our capacity to digest", and criticized international organizations such as UN Women for being too slow to condemn them. They further requested the United Nations begin collecting testimonies from survivors and witnesses. The EU said the groups' fighters "committed widespread sexual and gender-based violence in a systematic manner, using it as a weapon of war." International Criminal Court In May 2024, Karim Ahmad Khan, chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, announced that he was seeking to charge Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Ismail Haniyeh and Mohammed Deif with war crimes and crimes against humanity, including rape and sexual assault against those held captive in Gaza. Deif was indicted for rape and other forms of sexual violence as a war crime and a crime against humanity on 21 November, by which time cases against Haniyeh and Sinwar had been discontinued due to their deaths. == See also ==
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