Floating liquefied natural gas

Studies into offshore LNG production have been conducted since the early 1970s, but it was only in the mid-1990s that significant research backed by experimental development began. In 1997, Mobil developed an FLNG production concept based on a large, square structure with a moonpool in the center, commonly known as "The Doughnut". The Mobil proposal was sized to produce LNG per year produced from per year of feed gas, with storage provided on the structure for of LNG and of condensate. This was closely followed by the so-called 'Azure' research project, conducted by the EU and several oil and gas companies. Both projects contributed to steel and concrete hull design, a new development with LNG transfer systems. == Projects in 2010-2020 ==

Royal Dutch Shell In July 2009, Royal Dutch Shell, or just Shell, signed an agreement with Technip and Samsung allowing for the design, construction and installation of multiple Shell FLNG facilities. Royal Dutch Shell announced a 12 billion AUD (8.71 billion USD) investment on 20 May 2011 to build Prelude FLNG. Prelude became the world's first FLNG facility, anchored off the shore of Western Australia. In April 2010, Shell announced that it had been selected to develop the Greater Sunrise gas fields in the Timor Sea, making it Shell's second FLNG facility after Prelude. The project was scheduled to begin processing gas in 2016. Petronas In February 2011, Petronas awarded a FEED contract for an FLNG unit to a consortium of Technip and Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering for a facility in Malaysia. It installed its first FLNG, PFLNG Satu, in the Kanowit gas field off the shore of Sarawak, Malaysia. It loaded its first cargo was onto the 150,200-cbm Seri Camellia LNG carrier on 3 April 2017. == Planned projects ==

Petrobras invited three consortiums to submit proposals for engineering, procurement and construction contracts for FLNG plants in the ultra-deep Santos Basin waters during 2009. A final investment decision was expected in 2011. , Japan's Inpex planned to use FLNGs to develop the Abadi gas field in the Masela block of the Timor Sea, with a final investment decision expected by the end of 2013. Late in 2010, Inpex deferred start-up by two years to 2018 and reduce its "first phase" capacity to 2.5 million tons per year (from a previously proposed capacity of 4.5 million tonnes). while in 2011, ExxonMobil was waiting for an appropriate project to launch its FLNG development. According to a presentation given by their engineers at GASTECH 2011, ConocoPhillips aimed to implement a facility by 2016–19, and had completed the quantitative risk analysis of a design that would undergo pre-FEED study during the remainder of 2011. GDF Suez Bonaparte – a joint venture undertaken by the Australian oil and gas exploration company Santos (40%) and the French multi-international energy company GDF Suez (60%) – initially awarded a pre-FEED contract for the Bonaparte FLNG project offshore Northern Australia. The first phase of the project calls for a floating LNG production facility with a capacity of 2 million mt/year, with a final investment decision is expected in 2014 and startup planned for 2018. However, in June 2014, GDF Suez and Santos Limited made a decision to halt development. A part of the decision included the perception that long-term capabilities of North American gas fields due to hydraulic fracturing technologies and increasing Russian export capabilities would adversely affect the profitability of the venture due to competition. On 4 June 2018, Golar LNG announced that their FLNG Hilli Episeyo had got a customer acceptance after successfully being tested in 16 days commissioning. FLNG Hilli Episeyo will serve Parenco Cameroon SA in Cameroon's water. FLNG Hilli Episeyo is designed by Black & Veatch and was built in Keppel Shipyard in Singapore. Fortuna FLNG, to be commissioned in 2020, is owned by a joint venture between Ophir Energy and Golar LNG is under development in Equatorial Guinea. When operational, it is expected to produce around 2.2 million tonnes per year of gas and to be the first FLNG to operate in Africa. ==Challenges==

Moving LNG production to an offshore setting presents several challenges. In terms of the design and construction of the FLNG facility, every element of a conventional LNG facility needs to fit into an area roughly one quarter the size, whilst maintaining appropriate levels of safety and giving increased flexibility to LNG production. Once a facility is in operation, ocean waves will present another challenge. LNG containment systems need to be capable of withstanding the damage that can occur when the sea's wave and current motions cause sloshing in the partly filled tanks. Product transfers also need to deal with the effects of winds, waves and currents in the open seas. ==Advantages==

Among fossil fuels, natural gas is relatively clean burning. It is also abundant. It may be able to meet some of the world's energy needs by realizing the potential of otherwise unviable gas reserves (several of which can be found offshore North West Australia). FLNG technology also provides a number of environmental and economic advantages: diagram • Environmental - Because all processing is done at the gas field, there is no need to lay long pipelines all the way to the shore. There is also no requirement for compression units to pump the gas to shore, dredging and jetty construction or the onshore construction of an LNG processing plant, all of which significantly reduce the project's environmental footprint. Avoiding construction also helps preserve marine and coastal environments. Additionally, environmental disturbance would be lowered during the later decommissioning of the facility, because it could be disconnected and removed before being refurbished and re-deployed elsewhere. • Economic – Where pumping gas to shore can be expensive, FLNG makes development economically viable. As a result, it will open up new business opportunities for countries to develop offshore gas fields that would otherwise remain stranded, such as those off the coast of East Africa. FLNG is also conducive to side stepping complexities involving neighboring countries where disputes would make pipelines vulnerable or impractical such as in Cyprus, Israel and Europe. Moreover, LNG is slowly gaining its role as direct use fuel without regasification with operational cost and least pollution benefits in road, rail, air and marine transport. ==Operation==

The FLNG facility will be moored directly above the natural gas field, where it will route gas from the field to the facility via risers. Upon reaching the facility, the gas will undergo processing to produce natural gas, LPG, and natural gas condensate. The processed feed gas will be treated to remove impurities and then liquefied through freezing before being stored in the hull of the vessel. Ocean-going carriers will then offload the liquefied natural gas, as well as other liquid by-products, for delivery to markets worldwide. ==References==