Palaeoniscoid

The systematics of fossil and extant fishes has puzzled ichthyologists since the time of Louis Agassiz, who first grouped all Palaeozoic ray-finned fishes together with Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes), gars, lungfishes, and acanthodians in his Ganoidei. Carl Hermann Müller later proposed to divide actinopterygians into three groups: Chondrostei, Holostei, and Teleostei. Later, Edward Drinker Cope included these three groups within Actinopteri. The same classification is also used today, The same can also be said about the family Palaeoniscidae sensu lato, to which several genera not closely related to Palaeoniscum have been referred in the past. The grouping of "palaeonisciforms" was based largely on shared plesiomorphic features, such as the forward position of the eye, the large gape or the presence of rhombic scales. However, such symplesiomorphies are not informative with regard to phylogeny, but rather an indication of common ancestry. In modern biology, taxonomists group taxa based on shared apomorphies (synapomorphies) in order to detect monophyletic groups (natural groups). They use computer software (e.g., PAUP) to determine the most likely evolutionary relationships between taxa, thereby putting previous hypotheses of such relationships to the test. As a consequence, many genera have been subsequently removed from Palaeonisciformes and referred to distinct orders (e.g., Saurichthyiformes). The term Palaeonisciformes has mostly disappeared from the modern literature or is nowadays only used to refer to the "primitive" morphology of a taxon (e.g., "palaeonisciform skull shape" or "palaeoniscoid body shape"). In order to make the Paleonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei or Palaeoniscidae monophyletic, these terms should only be used in a strict sense, i.e., when referring to the clade of actinopterygians that includes Palaeoniscum and the taxa closely related to it. A monophyletic clade including several taxa classically referred to the Palaeonisciformes (e.g., Aesopichthys, Birgeria, Boreosomus, Canobius, Pteronisculus, Rhadinichthys) was recovered in the cladistic analysis by Lund et al. This clade, coined Palaeoniscimorpha, is also used in subsequent publications. Due to the delicate nature of fossils of ray-finned fishes and the incomplete knowledge of several taxa (especially with regard to the internal cranial anatomy), there is still no consensus about the evolutionary relationships of several early actinopterygians previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes. ==Classification==

The following list includes species that have been referred to Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae, respectively), usually because of superficial resemblance with Palaeoniscum freieslebeni. Many of these species are poorly known and have never been included in any cladistic analysis. Their inclusion in Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae) is in most cases doubtful and requires confirmation by cladistic studies. Which taxa should be included in Palaeonisciformes sensu stricto (or Palaeoniscidae sensu stricto) and which ones moved to other orders or families, respectively, is a matter of ongoing research. • Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay, 1902 sensu stricto [Palaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles, 1971] • Family †Palaeoniscidae Vogt, 1852 • Genus ?†Agecephalichthys Wade, 1935 • Species †Agecephalichthys granulatus Wade, 1935 • Genus ?†Atherstonia Woodward, 18989 [Broometta Chabakov, 1927] • Species †Atherstonia scutata Woodward, 1889 [Atherstonia cairncrossi Broom, 1913; Amblypterus capensis Broom, 1913; Broometta cairncrossi Chabakov, 1927] • Species †Atherstonia minor Woodward, 1893 • Genus ?†Cryphaeiolepis Traquair, 1881 • Species †Cryphaeiolepis scutata Traquair, 1881 • Genus ?†Cteniolepidotrichia Poplin & Su, 1992 • Species †Cteniolepidotrichia turfanensis Poplin & Su, 1992 • Genus †Dicellopyge Brough, 1931 • Species †Dicellopyge macrodentata Brough, 1931 • Species †Dicellopyge lissocephalus Brough, 1931 • Genus ?†Duwaichthys Liu et al., 1990 • Species †Duwaichthys mirabilis Liu et al., 1990 • Genus ?†Ferganiscus Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 • Species †Ferganiscus osteolepis Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 • Genus †Gyrolepis Agassiz, 1833 non Kade, 1858 • Species †G. albertii Agassiz, 1833 • Species †G. gigantea Agassiz, 1833 • Species †G. maxima Agassiz, 1833 • Species †G. quenstedti Dames, 1888 • Species †G. tenuistriata Agassiz, 1833 • Genus †Gyrolepidoides Cabrera, 1944 • Species †G. creyanus Schaeffer, 1955 • Species †G. cuyanus Cabrera, 1944 • Species †G. multistriatus Rusconi, 1948 • Genus ?†Palaeoniscinotus Rohon, 1890 • Species †P. czekanowskii Rohon, 1890 • Genus †Palaeoniscum de Blainville, 1818 [Palaeoniscus Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; Palaeoniscas Rzchak, 1881; Eupalaeoniscus Rzchak, 1881; Palaeomyzon Weigelt, 1930; Geomichthys Sauvage, 1888] • Species †P. angustum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas angustus Rzehak, 1881] • Species †P. antipodeum (Egerton, 1864) [Palaeoniscus antipodeus Egerton, 1864] • Species †P. antiquum Williams, 1886 • Species †P. arenaceum Berger, 1832 • Species †P. capense (Bloom, 1913) [Palaeoniscus capensis Bloom, 1913] • Species †P. comtum (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus comtus Agassiz, 1833] • Species †P. daedalium Yankevich & Minich, 1998 • Species †P. devonicum Clarke, 1885 • Species †P. elegans (Sedgwick, 1829) [Palaeoniscus elegans Sedgwick, 1829] • Species †P. freieslebeni de Blainville, 1818 [Eupalaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818); Palaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818)] • Species †P. hassiae (Jaekel, 1898) [Galeocerdo contortus hassiae Jaekel, 1898; Palaeomyzon hassiae (Jaekel, 1898)] • Species †P. kasanense Geinitz & Vetter, 1880 • Species †P. katholitzkianum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas katholitzkianus Rzehak, 1881] • Species †P. landrioti (le Sauvage, 1890) [Palaeoniscus landrioti le Sauvage, 1890] • Species †P. longissimum (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus longissimus Agassiz, 1833] • Species †P. macrophthalmum (McCoy, 1855) [Palaeoniscus macrophthalmus McCoy, 1855] • Species †P. magnum (Woodward, 1937) [Palaeoniscus magnus Woodward, 1937] • Species †P. moravicum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas moravicus Rzehak, 1881] • Species †P. promtu (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas promtus Rzehak, 1881] • Species †P. reticulatum Williams, 1886 • Species †P. scutigerum Newberry, 1868 • Species †P. vratislavensis (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus vratislavensis Agassiz, 1833] • Genus †Palaeothrissum de Blainville, 1818 • Species †P. elegans Sedgwick, 1829 • Species †P. macrocephalum de Blainville, 1818 • Species †P. magnum de Blainville, 1818 • Genus ?†Shuniscus Su, 1983 • Species †Shuniscus longianalis Su, 1983 • Genus ?†Suchonichthys Minich, 2001 • Species †Suchonichthys molini Minich, 2001 • Genus ?†Trachelacanthus Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 • Species †Trachelacanthus stschurovskii Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 • Genus ?†Triassodus Su, 1984 • Species †Triassodus yanchangensis Su, 1984 • Genus ?†Turfania Liu & Martínez, 1973 • Species †T. taoshuyuanensis Liu & Martínez, 1973 • Species †T. varta Wang, 1979 • Genus ?†Turgoniscus Jakovlev, 1968 • Species †Turgoniscus reissi Jakovlev, 1968 • Genus ?†Weixiniscus Su & Dezao, 1994 • Species †Weixiniscus microlepis Su & Dezao, 1994 • Genus ?†Xingshikous Liu, 1988 • Species †Xingshikous xishanensis Liu, 1988 • Genus ?†Yaomoshania Poplin et al., 1991 • Species †Yaomoshania minutosquama Poplin et al., 1991 • Brachydegma Other families attributed to Palaeonisciformes This list includes families that at one time or another were placed in the order Palaeonisciformes. The species included in these families are often poorly known, and a close relationship with the family Palaeoniscidae is therefore doubtful unless confirmed by cladistic analyses. These families are therefore better treated as Actinopterygii incertae sedis for the time being. The evolutionary relationships of early actinopterygians is a matter of ongoing studies. • †Acropholidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977 • †Atherstoniidae Gardiner, 1969 • †Brazilichthyidae Cox & Hutchinson, 1991 • †Centrolepididae Gardier, 1960 • †Coccolepididae Berg, 1940 corrig. • †Commentryidae Gardiner, 1963 • †Cryphiolepididae MoyThomas, 1939 corrig. • †Dwykiidae Gardiner, 1969 • †Holuridae Moy-Thomas, 1939 • †Igornichthyidae Heyler, 1977 • †Irajapintoseidae Beltan, 1978 • †Monesedeiphidae Beltan, 1989 • †Moythomasiidae Kazantseva, 1971 • †Rhabdolepididae Gardiner, 1963 • †Stegotrachelidae Gardiner, 1963 • †Thrissonotidae Berg, 1955 • †Tienshaniscidae Lu & Chen, 2010 • †Turseodontidae Bock, 1959 corrig. • †Uighuroniscidae Jin, 1996 • †Urosthenidae Woodward, 1931 ==Timeline of genera==

Andreolepis hedei, previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes, has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian, living around 420 million years ago (Late Silurian in Russia, Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia. Actinopterygians underwent an extensive diversification during the Carboniferous, after the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction. ImageSize = width:1200px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-443.7 till:-45 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-443.7 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-443.7 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cambrian value:rgb(0.49,0.63,0.33) id:earlycambrian value:rgb(0.62,0.72,0.52) id:middlecambrian value:rgb(0.65,0.81,0.525) id:latecambrian value:rgb(0.70,0.878,0.584) id:ordovician value:rgb(0,0.57,0.44) id:earlyordovician value:rgb(0,0.62,0.49) id:middleordovician value:rgb(0.27,0.7,0.57) id:lateordovician value:rgb(0.55,0.78,0.667) id:silurian value:rgb(0.70,0.88,0.71) id:llandovery value:rgb(0.6,0.84,0.7) id:wenlock value:rgb(0.7,0.88,0.76) id:ludlow value:rgb(0.75,0.9,0.81) id:pridoli value:rgb(0.9,0.96,0.88) id:devonian value:rgb(0.8,0.55,0.22) id:earlydevonian value:rgb(0.90,0.71,0.43) id:middledevonian value:rgb(0.96,0.81,0.51) id:latedevonian value:rgb(0.96,0.89,0.71) id:carboniferous value:rgb(0.4,0.65,0.6) id:mississippian value:rgb(0.4,0.56,0.4) id:pennsylvanian value:rgb(0.8,0.77,0.53) id:permian value:rgb(0.94,0.25,0.24) id:earlypermian value:rgb(0.89,0.46,0.36) id:middlepermian value:rgb(0.95,0.56,0.45) id:latepermian value:rgb(0.97,0.74,0.66) id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:triassic value:rgb(0.51,0.17,0.57) id:earlytriassic value:rgb(0.6,0.22,0.61) id:middletriassic value:rgb(0.73,0.53,0.71) id:latetriassic value:rgb(0.78,0.65,0.8) id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) id:earlyjurassic value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89) id:middlejurassic value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91) id:latejurassic value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97) id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM19 bar :NAM20 bar :NAM21 bar :NAM22 bar :NAM23 bar :NAM24 bar :NAM25 bar :NAM26 bar :NAM27 bar :NAM28 bar :NAM29 bar :NAM30 bar :NAM31 bar :NAM32 bar :NAM33 bar :NAM34 bar :NAM35 bar :NAM36 bar :NAM37 bar :NAM38 bar :NAM39 bar :NAM40 bar :NAM41 bar :NAM42 bar :NAM43 bar :NAM44 bar :NAM45 bar :NAM46 bar :NAM47 bar :NAM48 bar :NAM49 bar :NAM50 bar :NAM51 bar :NAM52 bar :NAM53 bar :NAM54 bar :NAM55 bar :NAM56 bar :NAM57 bar :NAM58 bar :NAM59 bar :NAM60 bar :NAM61 bar :NAM62 bar :NAM63 bar :NAM64 bar :NAM65 bar :NAM66 bar :NAM67 bar :NAM68 bar :NAM69 bar :NAM70 bar :NAM71 bar :NAM72 bar :NAM73 bar :NAM74 bar :NAM75 bar :NAM76 bar :NAM77 bar :NAM78 bar :NAM79 bar :NAM80 bar :NAM81 bar :NAM82 bar :NAM83 bar :NAM84 bar :NAM85 bar :NAM86 bar :NAM87 bar :NAM88 bar :NAM89 bar :NAM90 bar :NAM91 bar :NAM92 bar :NAM93 bar :NAM94 bar :NAM95 bar :NAM96 bar :NAM97 bar :NAM98 bar :NAM99 bar :NAM100 bar :NAM101 bar :NAM102 bar :NAM103 bar :NAM104 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -443.7 till: -428.2 color:llandovery text:L. from: -428.2 till: -422.9 color:wenlock text:W. from: -422.9 till: -418.7 color:ludlow text:L. from: -418.7 till: -416 color:pridoli text:P from: -416 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text:E. from: -397.5 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text:M. from: -385.3 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text:L. from: -359.2 till: -318.1 color:mississippian text:Miss. from: -318.1 till: -299 color:pennsylvanian text:Penn. from: -299 till: -270.6 color:earlypermian text:Early from: -270.6 till: -260.4 color:middlepermian text:M. from: -260.4 till: -251 color:latepermian text:L. from: -251 till: -245 color:earlytriassic text:E. from: -245 till: -228 color:middletriassic text:Mid. from: -228 till: -199.6 color:latetriassic text:Late from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:E. from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:M. from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:L. from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:Late bar:eratop from: -443.7 till: -416 color:silurian text:Silurian from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text:Devonian from: -359.2 till: -299 color:carboniferous text:Carboniferous from: -299 till: -251 color:permian text:Permian from: -251 till: -199.6 color:triassic text:Triassic from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:llandovery bar:NAM1 from: -422.9 till: -421.5 text: Andreolepis color:llandovery bar:NAM2 from: -422.9 till: -418.7 text: Naxilepis color:llandovery bar:NAM3 from: -422.9 till: -416 text: Lophosteus color:llandovery bar:NAM4 from: -422.9 till: -397.5 text: Ligulalepis color:earlydevonian bar:NAM5 from: -416 till: -397.5 text: Dialiipina color:earlydevonian bar:NAM6 from: -416 till: -359.2 text: Osorioichthys color:middledevonian bar:NAM7 from: -397.5 till: -391.8 text: Stegotrachelus color:middledevonian bar:NAM8 from: -397.5 till: -385.3 text: Orvikuina color:middledevonian bar:NAM9 from: -397.5 till: -359.2 text: Moythomasia color:latedevonian bar:NAM10 from: -385.3 till: -374.5 text: Mimia color:latedevonian bar:NAM11 from: -364.3 till: -359.2 text: Tegeolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM12 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Whiteichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM13 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Watsonichthyes color:mississippian bar:NAM14 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Wardichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM15 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Styracopterus color:mississippian bar:NAM16 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Protamblyptera color:mississippian bar:NAM17 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Platysomus color:mississippian bar:NAM18 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Paramesolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM19 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Paragonatodus color:mississippian bar:NAM20 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Paradrydenius color:mississippian bar:NAM21 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Nematoptychius color:mississippian bar:NAM22 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Mesolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM23 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Gonatodus color:mississippian bar:NAM24 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Elonichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM25 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Drydenius color:mississippian bar:NAM26 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Cosmoptychius color:mississippian bar:NAM27 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Cornuboniscus color:mississippian bar:NAM28 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Cheirodopsis color:mississippian bar:NAM29 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Brachypareion color:mississippian bar:NAM30 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Acrolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM31 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Sundayichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM32 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Strepeoschema color:mississippian bar:NAM33 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Phanerosteon color:mississippian bar:NAM34 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Kentuckia color:mississippian bar:NAM35 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Canobius color:mississippian bar:NAM36 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Bendenius color:mississippian bar:NAM37 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Aetheretmon color:mississippian bar:NAM38 from: -359.2 till: -299 text: Rhadinichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM39 from: -359.2 till: -299 text: Cycloptychius color:mississippian bar:NAM40 from: -345.3 till: -328.3 text: Willomorichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM41 from: -345.3 till: -328.3 text: Dwykia color:mississippian bar:NAM42 from: -345.3 till: -318.1 text: Borichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM43 from: -318.1 till: -323.63 text: Wendyichths color:mississippian bar:NAM44 from: -318.1 till: -323.63 text: Cyranorhis color:mississippian bar:NAM45 from: -318.1 till: -318.1 text: Paramblypterus color:mississippian bar:NAM46 from: -318.1 till: -270.6 text: Coccocephalichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM47 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text: Nozamichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM48 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text: Illiniichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM49 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text: Haplolepis color:earlypermian bar:NAM50 from: -299 till: -294.6 text: Charleuxia color:earlypermian bar:NAM51 from: -299 till: -270.6 text: Uydenia color:earlypermian bar:NAM52 from: -299 till: -270.6 text: Palaeothrissum color:earlypermian bar:NAM53 from: -299 till: -270.6 text: Eigilia color:earlypermian bar:NAM54 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Westollia color:earlypermian bar:NAM55 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Igornella color:earlypermian bar:NAM56 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Decazella color:earlypermian bar:NAM57 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Burbonella color:earlypermian bar:NAM58 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Aedulla color:middlepermian bar:NAM59 from: -270.6 till: -251.9 text: Palaeoniscum color:middlepermian bar:NAM60 from: -270.6 till: -260.4 text: Boreolepis color:latepermian bar:NAM61 from: -260 till: -251 text: Trachelacanthus color:latepermian bar:NAM62 from: -260 till: -251 text: Tienshaniscus color:latepermian bar:NAM63 from: -260 till: -251 text: Sinoniscus color:latepermian bar:NAM64 from: -260 till: -251 text: Rhabdolepis color:latepermian bar:NAM65 from: -260 till: -251 text: Paralogoniscus color:latepermian bar:NAM66 from: -260 till: -251 text: Neuburgella color:latepermian bar:NAM67 from: -260 till: -251 text: Korutichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM68 from: -260 till: -251 text: Inichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM69 from: -260 till: -251 text: Gardinerichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM70 from: -260 till: -251 text: Eurynotoides color:latepermian bar:NAM71 from: -260 till: -251 text: Chichia color:latepermian bar:NAM72 from: -260 till: -251 text: Amblypterus color:latepermian bar:NAM73 from: -260 till: -251 text: Amblypterina color:latepermian bar:NAM74 from: -260 till: -228 text: Urosthenes color:earlytriassic bar:NAM75 from: -251 till: -245 text: Stichopterus color:earlytriassic bar:NAM76 from: -251 till: -245 text: Sakamenichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM77 from: -251 till: -245 text: Pteronisculus color:earlytriassic bar:NAM78 from: -251 till: -245 text: Helichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM79 from: -251 till: -245 text: Evenkia color:earlytriassic bar:NAM80 from: -251 till: -245 text: Dictyopype color:earlytriassic bar:NAM81 from: -251 till: -245 text: Daedalichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM82 from: -251 till: -245 text: Broovalia color:earlytriassic bar:NAM83 from: -251 till: -245 text: Atopocephala color:earlytriassic bar:NAM84 from: -251 till: -228 text: Boreosomus color:earlytriassic bar:NAM85 from: -251 till: -175.6 text: Birgeria color:earlytriassic bar:NAM86 from: -249.7 till: -199.6 text: Gyrolepis color:middletriassic bar:NAM87 from: -245 till: -237 text: Dorsolepis color:middletriassic bar:NAM88 from: -245 till: -237 text: Caruichthys color:middletriassic bar:NAM89 from: -245 till: -228 text: Gyrolepidoides color:middletriassic bar:NAM90 from: -245 till: -228 text: Aegicephalichthys color:latetriassic bar:NAM91 from: -203.6 till: -199.6 text: Scanilepis color:latetriassic bar:NAM92 from: -203.6 till: -199.6 text: Fukangichthys color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM93 from: -199.6 till: -196.5 text: Browneichthys color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM94 from: -199.6 till: -194.2 text: Cosmolepis color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM95 from: -196.5 till: -189.6 text: Plesiococcolepis color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM96 from: -196.5 till: -189.6 text: Centrolepis color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM97 from: -196.5 till: -175.6 text: Chondrosteus color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM98 from: -196.5 till: -140.2 text: Coccolepis color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM99 from: -183 till: -180.53 text: Strongylosteus color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM100 from: -183 till: -164.7 text: Gyrosteus color:middlejurassic bar:NAM101 from: -167.7 till: -161.2 text: Hulettia color:latejurassic bar:NAM102 from: -150.8 till: -149.03 text: Songanella color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM103 from: -145.5 till: -130 text: Psilichthys color:latecretaceous bar:NAM104 from: -83.5 till: -70.6 text: Asarotus PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -443.7 till: -428.2 color:llandovery text:L. from: -428.2 till: -422.9 color:wenlock text:W. from: -422.9 till: -418.7 color:ludlow text:L. from: -418.7 till: -416 color:pridoli text:P from: -416 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text:E. from: -397.5 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text:M. from: -385.3 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text:L. from: -359.2 till: -318.1 color:mississippian text:Miss. from: -318.1 till: -299 color:pennsylvanian text:Penn. from: -299 till: -270.6 color:earlypermian text:Early from: -270.6 till: -260.4 color:middlepermian text:M. from: -260.4 till: -251 color:latepermian text:L. from: -251 till: -245 color:earlytriassic text:E. from: -245 till: -228 color:middletriassic text:Mid. from: -228 till: -199.6 color:latetriassic text:Late from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:E. from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:M. from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:L. from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:Late bar:era from: -443.7 till: -416 color:silurian text:Silurian from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text:Devonian from: -359.2 till: -299 color:carboniferous text:Carboniferous from: -299 till: -251 color:permian text:Permian from: -251 till: -199.6 color:triassic text:Triassic from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous ==References==