The
Universal Phonetic Symbol Set in China is a set of nationally recognized phonetic symbols based on the IPA. It consists of the following sets of symbols, • the full set of IPA consonant, vowel and
tone letters, as well as a substantial fraction of historical and ext-IPA; • the Sinological letters listed above; • the affricate ligatures , plus analogous ligatures for , of which tθ dð are scheduled for Unicode 18; •
Americanist notation noted in the IPA handbook such as
č and
ƛ; Greek letters commonly substituted for IPA such as
γ and
η;
ψ of
UPA, and
þ • the IPA variants schwa with the hook of an
r, gelded question mark, and baby gamma; • an ʅ-ʯ ligature, which is scheduled for Unicode 18, and what looks like an ι-ɕ ligature; • tone letters include both generic and tone-sandhi , and the various combinations they form; the neutral-tone letters and sandhi , and the traditional marks for the yin tones
píng,
shǎng,
qù,
ruʔ, and for the corresponding yang tones ; • the full set of IPA combining and spacing diacritics, including old IPA / Sinological for aspiration, as well as some historical and ext-IPA diacritics; • the Sinological dot ; • the arrows and the inverse of ↕ [two arrows facing each other vertically]; • for inhalation and the
null symbol . , the non-coronal affricate ligatures, the ι-ɕ ligature, and the facing vertical arrows are not planned for Unicode. ==See also==