The first pongine genera appear in the
Miocene,
Sivapithecus and
Khoratpithecus, six or seven million years before evidence of orangutans was found from
Pleistocene southeast Asia and southern China. Ponginae may also include the genera
Lufengpithecus,
Ankarapithecus, and
Gigantopithecus. However, phylogenetic analysis in 2004, which originally found
Lufengpithecus and
Ankarapithecus to be most closely related to the orangutan, gave different results "under an analytical method that attempted to reduce stratigraphic incongruence", instead placing them on the base of the stem of the African ape-human clade. The most well-known fossil genus of Ponginae is
Sivapithecus, consisting of several species from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It differs from orangutans in dentition and postcranial morphology.
Taxonomy Ponginae •
†Lufengpithecini • †
Lufengpithecus •
Lufengpithecus lufengensis •
Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis •
Lufengpithecus hudienensis • †
Meganthropus •
Meganthropus palaeojavanicus • †
Sivapithecini • †
Ankarapithecus •
Ankarapithecus meteai • †
Sivapithecus •
Sivapithecus parvada •
Sivapithecus sivalensis •
Sivapithecus indicus • †
Gigantopithecus •
Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis •
Gigantopithecus blacki • †
Indopithecus •
Indopithecus giganteus •
Pongini • †
Khoratpithecus •
Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis •
Khoratpithecus piriyai •
Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis •
Pongo (orangutans) • †
Pongo hooijeri • †
Pongo weidenreichi •
Sumatran orangutan,
Pongo abelii •
Bornean orangutan,
Pongo pygmaeus •
Tapanuli orangutan,
Pongo tapanuliensis ==References==